MNG 230 FInal psu Possible Questions And answers 100%Acculate

Zeolite - ANSWERSWater purification Vermiculite - ANSWERSHorticulture Rare earth elements - ANSWERScomputers Trona - ANSWERSGlass Granite - ANSWERScountertops Phosphate - ANSWERScrop fertilizers Sand - ANSWERSconcrete Titanium - ANSWERSsports equipment potash - ANSWERScrop fertilizers Aluminum - ANSWERSbeverage cans Clay - ANSWERSconcrete Iron - ANSWERSsteel Limestone - ANSWERS1) Concrete 2) used in plastic tape Mining - ANSWERS15% of the U.S economy made up of 13,000 mines 85 minerals $2.5 trillion Industrial Minerals - ANSWERSCrushed stone Gypsum Feldspar Salt Pumice Clay Talc Phosphate Molybdenum Metals - ANSWERSAluminum Copper Zinc Lead Gold Fuel - ANSWERSCoal uranium Aggregates - ANSWERSSand gravel Companies with similar interests often band together through organizations known as: - ANSWERSTrade associations Do trade associations ever communicate with federal or state regulatory agencies? - ANSWERSYes because How is Congress involved in mining? - ANSWERSCongress creates and passes laws that affect mining companies' operations and enforce those laws via regulatory agencies. One of these key federal agencies --- MSHA, EPA, NIOSH --- has at least one inspector at each minig operation every single day. - ANSWERSMSHA Which of these three key federal agencies (MSHA, EPA, NIOSH) has no enforcement authority? - ANSWERSNIOSH Name three of the key federal agencies that regulate the mining industry: - ANSWERSMine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) These bodies exist to implement congressional acts, which protect the public interest in matters like worker safety or the environment. They have the force of the law behind them. They can create regulations, inspect for them, and penalize those who do not comply. - ANSWERSFederal/governmental regulatory agenceis Is the West Virginia Coal Association (WVCA) a state regulatory agency? - ANSWERSNo, sorry, it's a trade association. States with a long history of mining tend to have state mining laws and corresponding state agencies. So if a state has its own mining laws, and there are, of course, federal mining laws as well, how does a mine know which laws it must follow? - ANSWERSSome states have their own mining laws and some don't. When might a labor union communicate with federal or state regulatory agencies? - ANSWERSWhen a union believes the welfare of its members is being compromised, it might communicate with an agency. The union may demand, for example, more rigorous enforcement of regulations. Also, sometimes a labor union and an association will join together to take on a regulatory agency --- or to work with it. Name two state regulatory agencies: - ANSWERSPennsylvania Bureau of Deep Mine Safety (PA BDMS) West Virginia Office of Miner Safety, Health, and Training (WV OMSHT) Why do mines have more formal (and less cordial) relationships with MSHA and EPA than with NIOSH? - ANSWERSThe relationship a mine has with NIOSH is usually less formal and more cordial because NIOSH has no enforcement authority and exists to work on safety and health issues for industry workers. Besides advocating for mining workers, what else do labor unions do? - ANSWERSThey liaise with company executives They work with trade associations What is known as brown coal? - ANSWERSLignite Name the four ranks of coal in the US: - ANSWERSanthracite bituminous subbituminous lignite. What factors account for rank when speaking of coal? - ANSWERSHigher rank coals are harder, contain less moisture and volatile matter, have higher percentages of fixed carbon, and have higher caloric values. When speaking of coal, anthracite is the highest rank; what's the lowest? - ANSWERSLignite What are the goals of mineral processing? - ANSWERSMineral processing removes certain impurities that would degrade the saleable product. We want to remove undesireable components and contaminants. What percentage of the US economy is accounted for by mining? - ANSWERS15% of the US economy. Higher rank coals are harder, contain less moisture and volatile matter, and have higher percentages of fixed carbon, which have higher: - ANSWERSCaloric values This rank of coal is characterized by a high heating value. It is the most common type of coal used in electricity generation. - ANSWERSBituminous What process includes cleaning coal? - ANSWERSCoal prep When dealing with the makeup of coal, what's important about macerals and minerals? - ANSWERSmaceral or mineral - refers to an organic substance and which refers to an inorganic substance. What fuel minerals do we mine? - ANSWERSCoal and Uranium are mined. Stages 1 of Mining (Prospecting) - ANSWERS- Finding an economic concentration of the mineral -Finding of geologic anomalies -Using accumulated knowledge to narrow the search Stages 2 of Mining (Exploration) - ANSWERS- Estimating the quantity and quality of the orebody - A problem in risk management - Determining how much of the orebody can be recovered using available mining practices - Stages 3 of Mining (Development) - ANSWERS- Preparing for extraction of the ore/material -conducting a feasibility study -selection of the mining method -preparation/construction of the physical plant Stages 4 of Mining (Exploitation) - ANSWERS-benefaction activities -handling and disposal of tailings -extracting and processing the raw material -ongoing throughout the mine's life cycle Stages 5 of Mining (Reclamation) - ANSWERS-leaving area free of safety and environmental hazards -returning the mine site to its original condition What are the two steps of reserve estimation? - ANSWERS1. Calculate the tonnage of the orebody 2. Determine how much of the resource can be mined economically at a point in time What does "area of influence" mean? - ANSWERSThe area of influence refers to the area surrounding a drill hole that possesses identical characteristics to the single drill hole in that area. Briefly explain the polygon method for reserve estimation - ANSWERSThe polygon method is a classical method of reserve estimation. In includes constructing a polygon around each hole to determine an area of influence for that particular hole. Then values from the original drill hole are assigned to the entire area directly beneath the polygon. What's the difference between stripping ratio and maximum stripping ratio? - ANSWERSStripping ratio = how many cubic yards of waste material need to be removed to mine one ton of ore Maximum stripping ratio = the point at which the cost of stripping the waste is equal to the value of the ore Briefly explain the triangle method of reserve estimation - ANSWERSThe triangle method is a classic method that requires that we connect adjacent holes into triangles. Then we take the weighted average of the three holes that form the triangle, and assign that value to the entire area directly beneath the triangle. Simply define stripping ratio. - ANSWERSSimply put, stripping ratio is the volume of the overburden that must be removed in relation to the weight of the ore that is exposed when this volume of overburden is removed. Two stripping ratios are used in prefeasibility or feasibility analyses. What are they? - ANSWERSoverall stripping ratio and maximum stripping ratio What is stripping cost? - ANSWERSAmount of money it will take to remove the overburden to expose the ore. Define Maximum Allowable (or Breakeven) Stripping Ratio. - ANSWERSThe Maximum Allowable (or Breakeven) Stripping Ratio is an economic calculation. It refers to the point at which the cost of stripping the waste exactly equals the value of the ore uncovered. What is Instantaneous Stipping Ratio? - ANSWERSInstantaneous Stripping Ratio is the stripping ratio for a given push back, where a tiny slice of material -- which may be ore or waste -- is removed from a pit wall. The major factors that will affect the desirability and feasibility of a mining project can be divided into three categories. - ANSWERS1) Locational 2) Natural and Geologic 3) Socioeconomic Locational - ANSWERS-Getting materials to the market -availability of skilled labor -getting materials to the mine -transportation of miners -improve employee satisfaction with high wages and large bonuses -access to rail or highway -available infrastructure Natural and Geologic - ANSWERS-The ore physical and chemical properties -cost of mineral processing -how difficult will it be to create openings in the orebody -depth, size, shape, attitude of the orebody -structures such as cleavage patterns joint sets and faults -determining mining method -are explosives required Socioeconomic - ANSWERS-tax breaks -tax policies -government stability -financial market condition -interpretation and enforcement of regulations -civil war and terrorism Mechanical Methods (surface mining) - ANSWERS-open cast mining -quarrying -open pit mining -auger mining Aqueous Methods (surface mining) - ANSWERS-dredging -heap leaching -solution mining -hydraulic mining Unsupported Methods (underground) - ANSWERS-room and pillar -open stoping -shrinkage stoping Supported Methods (underground) - ANSWERS-cut an fill Caving Methods (underground) - ANSWERS-sublevel caving -longwall mining -block caving This method is used to recover deep deposits, that can easily be dissolved by a solvent. Typically, it would be too expensive to mine using underground methods. Water, acid and steam are common solvents. Examples of commodities include: uranium and sulfur - ANSWERSSolution mining (surface; aqueous) This method is used when host rock is reasonably competent and orebody is steeply dipping. Broken ore is left in place to support the walls of the stope until all of the broken ore is removed. An important varient of this method is known as vertical crater retreat (VCR) mining. Commodities mined by this method include iron and palladium - ANSWERSShrinkage stoping (Underground; unsupported) This underwater recovery method uses a floating mining machine for recovery of loosely consolidated material. Sand and gravel are examples of commodities. - ANSWERSDredging (surface; aqueous) Mining method used for near-surface deposits. A large pit is excavated and overburden is hauled away to a waste area. Benches are created to help increase the pit depth. A few examples of commodities mined by this method would include iron and diamonds. - ANSWERSOpen Pit Mining (surface; mechanical) In this mining method, the ore is a horizontal tabular deposit such as coal. The material is sheared off in slices. Once the coal is removed the overlying strata caves into the void left by removing the coal. Trona is another commodity mined using this method. - ANSWERSLongwall mining (Underground; caving) This method utilizes a high-pressure water cannon to dislodge the deposits, such as placer-type deposits, which is pumped to a processing plant (or gravity separation is performed at the mine site using a sluice). Gold and kaolin are commodies mined using this method. - ANSWERSHydraulic mining (surface; aqueous) In this mining method, the ore is weak and cannot support its own weight. Typically the host rock is fairly strong. The ore is undercut and then as the broken ore is removed, the remainder of the orebody collapses into the void. This repeats and can break through to the surface. - ANSWERSBlock Caving (Underground; caving) This secondary method recovers low percentages of metals remaining in the tailings from mineral processing plants. A solvent drips and percolates down through the heap and then recovered and processed. Gold and copper are commodities mined using this method. - ANSWERSHeap leaching (surface; aqueous) Secondary mining method to recover additional coal from under the highwall of a contour mine when the ultimate stripping ratio has been achieved in open cast operations. - ANSWERSAuger mining (surface; mechanical) Also known as strip mining. Used for bedded deposits. Overburden is NOT hauled away but cast directly into the adjacent mined-out cut. Sub methods are area mining (for flat terrain) and countour mining (for mountains). Coal and Phosphate are mined using this method. - ANSWERSOpen cast mining (surface; mechanical) Method used for extracting dimension stone (like granite countertops, marble flooring, monuments, etc). Goal is to remove large slabs. Rock mass has high strength and competency. This term is used by many to describe any open pit operation in stone. Examples included Georgia marble and Vermont granite. - ANSWERSQuarrying (surface; mechanical) In this mining method, the host rock is weak and cannot support its own weight, but the orebody is strong and massive . This type of mining starts at the top of the orebody and progresses downward in a safe sequence with the orebody being blasted and removed underneath. The cave will reach the surface. - ANSWERSSublevel caving (Underground; caving) Used to recover steeply dipping orebodies in competent rock. Ore is removed as soon as it is mined. Important varients are: sublevel stoping and big hole stoping. Commodity examples include: iron, lead/zinc. - ANSWERSOpen stoping (Underground; unsupported) Used to recover weaker strength materials where the opening will not remain stable after ore is removed. Backfill is placed into the opening to support the ore above the slice of orebody removed. This method is expensive and only used for high value ores such as gold. - ANSWERSCut and Fill (Underground; supported) What are the 6 most important factors to consider when deciding which mining type to use? [Be able to describe each factor and why] - ANSWERS1) depth 2) surface features (especially for, but not limited to surface methods) 3) attitude, shape, and size (extent) 4) geotechnical characteristics of the orebody and the host rock 5) grade and uniformity 6) production requirements This method accounts for the vast majority of all underground mining in the US (and likely the world). It is used to recover bedded deposits that are horizontal or nearly horizontal when the orebod and the surrounding rock are reasonably competent. Other than pillars, little artificial support is