NUR 376 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
innate
type of immunity that you're born with; first line of defense
innate
type of immunity that involves mucous membranes, hair, skin, normal flora,
WBCs (macrophages, NK cells), protective enzymes
adaptive
type of immunity that the body develops through exposure
adaptive
type of immunity that includes B and T cells, CD4 and CD8 cells, antigen
presenting cells, plasma cells. and immunoglobulins
active adaptive
immunity acquired through exposure to an antigen (getting sick, getting a
live vaccine)
passive adaptive
immunity acquired through. fully formed antibodies (breast milk, antibody
injection)
immunocompetence
having a fully developed immune system; decreases with disease and old
age
immunosuppression
immune system is not working to its full capacity; increased susceptibility to
infection
immunodeficiency
type of immune dysfunction where the immune system has weakened to
the point it cannot fight off foreign invaders
type II (cytotoxic)
type of hypersensitivity reaction that occurs with incompatible blood
transfusion; antibody-mediated cell destruction
CD4 count
determines degree of immune system impairment; normal is 800-1200
below 200
CD4 count indicating AIDS
HIV RNA assay
assesses HIV viral load; can be detectable in 4-11 days
less than 10,000
,HIV RNA assay that has a low risk for AIDS
more than 10,000
HIV RNA assay that has a high risk for AIDS
ECF
fluid inside the bloodstream; 20% of total body weight
ICF
fluid in the cells; 40% of body water weight
ISF
fluid between the cells and bloodstream; contains filtrate of the blood and
no protein
hypertonic
more solute than in the blood; pulls fluid into the bloodstream
hypotonic
more water than in the blood; pulls fluid into the cells
hydrostatic pressure
pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream on the vessel wall;
pushes water from blood to ISF
osmotic pressure
pushing force exerted by solutes in solution; water is pulled to the place of
increased pressure
oncotic pressure
pressure exerted by albumin in the bloodstream
3.5-5.2
normal potassium range
135-145
normal sodium range
8.7-10
normal calcium range
1.5-2.5
normal magnesium range
2.5-4.5
normal phosphorus range
ADH
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary to promote reuptake of water
angiotensin
a peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of
sodium and water
aldosterone
Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
hypoxia
, What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
endothelial injury
HTN can cause...
left ventricular
What part of the heart does HTN damage?
myocarditis
inflammation with degeneration and necrosis of cardiac myocytes;
commonly caused by viruses, a major cause of transplant rejection
cardiac output
amount of blood that flows from the heart's left ventricle per minute
intermittent claudication
a cramping leg pain that occurs with exertion and is usually relieved by rest
caused by peripheral artery disease
aortic stenosis
calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during
systole; causes left ventricle hypertrophy
mitral insufficiency
causes backflow of blood into the left atrium due to incomplete closure of
valve; can cause diastolic murmurs following S2
stenosis
heart has to pump harder, causing the heart to overwork and reduce blood
flow to the body
insufficiency
heart valves do not close properly and allow the blood to move backward
right side heart failure
JVD, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, edema
left side heart failure
less effective pump so more blood remains in ventricle
heart is overstretched & even more blood remains
blood backs up into lungs as pulmonary edema
suffocation & lack of oxygen to the tissues
orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying down; common indication of heart failure
ventilation
the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion
the movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually
oxygenating the whole body
obstructive disease
COMPLETE SOLUTION
innate
type of immunity that you're born with; first line of defense
innate
type of immunity that involves mucous membranes, hair, skin, normal flora,
WBCs (macrophages, NK cells), protective enzymes
adaptive
type of immunity that the body develops through exposure
adaptive
type of immunity that includes B and T cells, CD4 and CD8 cells, antigen
presenting cells, plasma cells. and immunoglobulins
active adaptive
immunity acquired through exposure to an antigen (getting sick, getting a
live vaccine)
passive adaptive
immunity acquired through. fully formed antibodies (breast milk, antibody
injection)
immunocompetence
having a fully developed immune system; decreases with disease and old
age
immunosuppression
immune system is not working to its full capacity; increased susceptibility to
infection
immunodeficiency
type of immune dysfunction where the immune system has weakened to
the point it cannot fight off foreign invaders
type II (cytotoxic)
type of hypersensitivity reaction that occurs with incompatible blood
transfusion; antibody-mediated cell destruction
CD4 count
determines degree of immune system impairment; normal is 800-1200
below 200
CD4 count indicating AIDS
HIV RNA assay
assesses HIV viral load; can be detectable in 4-11 days
less than 10,000
,HIV RNA assay that has a low risk for AIDS
more than 10,000
HIV RNA assay that has a high risk for AIDS
ECF
fluid inside the bloodstream; 20% of total body weight
ICF
fluid in the cells; 40% of body water weight
ISF
fluid between the cells and bloodstream; contains filtrate of the blood and
no protein
hypertonic
more solute than in the blood; pulls fluid into the bloodstream
hypotonic
more water than in the blood; pulls fluid into the cells
hydrostatic pressure
pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream on the vessel wall;
pushes water from blood to ISF
osmotic pressure
pushing force exerted by solutes in solution; water is pulled to the place of
increased pressure
oncotic pressure
pressure exerted by albumin in the bloodstream
3.5-5.2
normal potassium range
135-145
normal sodium range
8.7-10
normal calcium range
1.5-2.5
normal magnesium range
2.5-4.5
normal phosphorus range
ADH
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary to promote reuptake of water
angiotensin
a peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes the retention of
sodium and water
aldosterone
Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
hypoxia
, What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
endothelial injury
HTN can cause...
left ventricular
What part of the heart does HTN damage?
myocarditis
inflammation with degeneration and necrosis of cardiac myocytes;
commonly caused by viruses, a major cause of transplant rejection
cardiac output
amount of blood that flows from the heart's left ventricle per minute
intermittent claudication
a cramping leg pain that occurs with exertion and is usually relieved by rest
caused by peripheral artery disease
aortic stenosis
calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during
systole; causes left ventricle hypertrophy
mitral insufficiency
causes backflow of blood into the left atrium due to incomplete closure of
valve; can cause diastolic murmurs following S2
stenosis
heart has to pump harder, causing the heart to overwork and reduce blood
flow to the body
insufficiency
heart valves do not close properly and allow the blood to move backward
right side heart failure
JVD, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, edema
left side heart failure
less effective pump so more blood remains in ventricle
heart is overstretched & even more blood remains
blood backs up into lungs as pulmonary edema
suffocation & lack of oxygen to the tissues
orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying down; common indication of heart failure
ventilation
the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion
the movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually
oxygenating the whole body
obstructive disease
