BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1- VERSION B GUIDE 2025

1. Know components of the lipid bi-layer o The basic structural framework of the plasma membrane is the lipid bilayer, two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules—phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids o The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipids are amphipathic molecules, which means that they have both polar and nonpolar parts. 2. Bonds between water molecules- what type of bond is it? o Polar covalent/hydrogen bond 3. Facilitated diffusion and what role does carrier protein play o Carrier proteins transport substances across membranes by changing shape 4. Know Transcytosis o Active process of moving substances across a cell using vesicles, most often across endothelial cells lining blood vessels 5. Is a synovial membrane considered an epithelial membrane? o No, it is not 6. Know what role triglycerides and cholesterol plays in body o Triglycerides: protection, insulation, energy storage o Cholesterol: in bile salts, vit D and steroid hormones, important for steroid synthesis 7. Know location of the Nail Bed (hyponychium) 8. Which layer of the epithelium is not present in Thick skin? o Lucidum is not in thin skin o Thick does not have thin corneum 9. Properties of Enzymes 10. What is not a common characteristic of epithelium? o Epithelium are characterized by the arrangement of cells in layers and their shapes o Characteristics: cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity and regeneration 11. Choose example of a positive feedback system o Birth, ovulation, blood clotting, digestion 12. Wound healing- does it result in Fibrosis? o Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue at an injury but impairs original function 13. What lines the Medullary Cavity? o endosteum 14. What organelle metabolizes ETOH in the liver? o Smooth ER 15. Know which epithelium lines the heart, lymph vessels and arteries o Simple squamous epithelium, endothelium 16. Understand Mitosis and the phase where chromosomes are visible under microscope o prophase 17. Review epithelial tissues o 2 types ▪ Covering& lining epithelium for the outer cover of skin, some organs and the inner lining of vessels, ducts and cavities ▪ Glandular epithelium makes up the secreting portion of glands 18. Location of Foramen Magnum and which bone of the skull it is located in o The foramen magnum is the inferior part of the occipital bone 19. Formation of a Bony Callus o This occurs during the reparative phase; in areas close to vascular healthy bone tissue. osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae. The trabeculae join living and dead portions of the original bone fragments. In time, the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone, and the callus is then referred to as a bony (hard) callus. 20. Hyoid bone- which bone formation do the ligaments attach to, to suspend the hyoid bone? o The hyoid bone doesn’t articulate with any other bones but is suspended by ligaments and muscles. Muscles attach to the body and projections, greater and lesser horns. 21. Be able to label where Haversian Canal is 22. Label Apex of the Sacrum