PLTW MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What is sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
✔✔What is conductive hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss that is due to diminished sound
reaching middle and inner ear.
✔✔Live attenuated vaccines - ✔✔virus is weakened but still able to reproduce and
cause an immune response in the body
✔✔Inactivated vaccines - ✔✔dead bacteria injected into patient to build immunity
✔✔toxiod vaccine - ✔✔vaccine is made from a toxin that is weakened so body can
learn how to fight it off
✔✔DNA vaccines - ✔✔create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid
vector
✔✔subunit vaccines - ✔✔use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
✔✔How are vaccines produced? - ✔✔Small weakened or dead viruses are injected into
the body to produce antibodies, so they next time your body is attacked by the same
virus your body fights it off without you even knowing that you contracted it.
✔✔What is DNA ligase? - ✔✔connects the ends of molecules together
✔✔What are restriction enzymes? - ✔✔They cut the DNA into specific parts
✔✔How can recombinant DNA be used to produce vaccines? - ✔✔Bacteria carry DNA
in plasmids. Plasmids work as vectors and have genes inserted into them. Recombinant
DNA uses restriction enzymes to cut the plasmids and leave sticky ends. These ends
can bond with any DNA cut by THE SAME restriction enzyme. The viral gene is inserted
into the plasmid and glued together by DNA ligase. The new DNA can have resistance
which makes it beneficial to vaccination
✔✔single gene recessive disorders - ✔✔Must have 2 copies of the gene. (cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
✔✔Single gene - dominant disorder - ✔✔disorder that is controlled by the inheritance of
a single gene, must have at least 1 dominant allele
, ✔✔multifactorial disorders - ✔✔conditions caused by interactions among one or more
genes and the environment
✔✔chromosomal disorders - ✔✔disorders caused by structural changes to a
chromosome or deficiencies of entire genes located on chromosomes
✔✔Mitochondrial disorders - ✔✔caused by mutations in non-chromosomal DNA which
is passed from mother to child (LHON)
✔✔Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - ✔✔In assisted reproductive technology,
the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the
uterus
✔✔fetal testing - ✔✔Used to determine the possibility of a genetic disorder by taking a
sample of fetal cells.
✔✔what are the ethical concerns of PDG and Fetal testing - ✔✔throwing away life or
trying to have the best child possible. In the future could lead to "designer babies"
✔✔How do genetic counselors use pedigrees? - ✔✔show the history of the trait in the
parents family and why they have what they have
✔✔why is there apprehensiveness to genetic testing? - ✔✔might not want to know what
you may have in the future such as Alzheimer's
✔✔what are the duties of genetic counselors - ✔✔Analyze patient histories.
Provide genetic testing.
Perform genetic risk calculations.
Educate families about potential health risks.
Help patients to cope with a diagnosis
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle
inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
✔✔what is CVS (chorionic villus sampling) - ✔✔sampling of placenta to screen for
abnormalities in a fetus
✔✔What is a karotype? - ✔✔map of chromosomes; shows the sex and defects
✔✔How are karyotypes used in prenatal health - ✔✔show sex of the baby and any
chromosomal disorders
✔✔What is an ultrasound in pregnancy - ✔✔a test that uses sound waves to make a
video image of an unborn baby
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What is sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
✔✔What is conductive hearing loss? - ✔✔hearing loss that is due to diminished sound
reaching middle and inner ear.
✔✔Live attenuated vaccines - ✔✔virus is weakened but still able to reproduce and
cause an immune response in the body
✔✔Inactivated vaccines - ✔✔dead bacteria injected into patient to build immunity
✔✔toxiod vaccine - ✔✔vaccine is made from a toxin that is weakened so body can
learn how to fight it off
✔✔DNA vaccines - ✔✔create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid
vector
✔✔subunit vaccines - ✔✔use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
✔✔How are vaccines produced? - ✔✔Small weakened or dead viruses are injected into
the body to produce antibodies, so they next time your body is attacked by the same
virus your body fights it off without you even knowing that you contracted it.
✔✔What is DNA ligase? - ✔✔connects the ends of molecules together
✔✔What are restriction enzymes? - ✔✔They cut the DNA into specific parts
✔✔How can recombinant DNA be used to produce vaccines? - ✔✔Bacteria carry DNA
in plasmids. Plasmids work as vectors and have genes inserted into them. Recombinant
DNA uses restriction enzymes to cut the plasmids and leave sticky ends. These ends
can bond with any DNA cut by THE SAME restriction enzyme. The viral gene is inserted
into the plasmid and glued together by DNA ligase. The new DNA can have resistance
which makes it beneficial to vaccination
✔✔single gene recessive disorders - ✔✔Must have 2 copies of the gene. (cystic
fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
✔✔Single gene - dominant disorder - ✔✔disorder that is controlled by the inheritance of
a single gene, must have at least 1 dominant allele
, ✔✔multifactorial disorders - ✔✔conditions caused by interactions among one or more
genes and the environment
✔✔chromosomal disorders - ✔✔disorders caused by structural changes to a
chromosome or deficiencies of entire genes located on chromosomes
✔✔Mitochondrial disorders - ✔✔caused by mutations in non-chromosomal DNA which
is passed from mother to child (LHON)
✔✔Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - ✔✔In assisted reproductive technology,
the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the
uterus
✔✔fetal testing - ✔✔Used to determine the possibility of a genetic disorder by taking a
sample of fetal cells.
✔✔what are the ethical concerns of PDG and Fetal testing - ✔✔throwing away life or
trying to have the best child possible. In the future could lead to "designer babies"
✔✔How do genetic counselors use pedigrees? - ✔✔show the history of the trait in the
parents family and why they have what they have
✔✔why is there apprehensiveness to genetic testing? - ✔✔might not want to know what
you may have in the future such as Alzheimer's
✔✔what are the duties of genetic counselors - ✔✔Analyze patient histories.
Provide genetic testing.
Perform genetic risk calculations.
Educate families about potential health risks.
Help patients to cope with a diagnosis
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle
inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
✔✔what is CVS (chorionic villus sampling) - ✔✔sampling of placenta to screen for
abnormalities in a fetus
✔✔What is a karotype? - ✔✔map of chromosomes; shows the sex and defects
✔✔How are karyotypes used in prenatal health - ✔✔show sex of the baby and any
chromosomal disorders
✔✔What is an ultrasound in pregnancy - ✔✔a test that uses sound waves to make a
video image of an unborn baby
