NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 4
Advanced Pathophysiology - Wilkes
Actual Questions and Answers
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Multiple-Choice (A–D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
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,### 1. A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a red
face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear
reveals an increased number of erythrocytes. This indicates:
- A) Leukemia
- B) Polycythemia vera (PV)
- C) Hemolytic anemia
- D) Thrombocytopenia
Answer: B) Polycythemia vera (PV)
- Explanation: Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder
characterized by an increased number of erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Symptoms such as facial flushing and headaches can occur due to increased
blood viscosity and hypervolemia.
### 2. A 67-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with
a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Upon taking the history, the patient will
most likely report:
- A) Abdominal pain
- B) Chest pain
- C) Joint pain
- D) Blurred vision
Answer: B) Chest pain
- Explanation: Patients with polycythemia vera often experience chest pain
as a result of increased blood viscosity, which can lead to altered
hemodynamics and ischemia.
### 3. Alpha and beta thalassemias are inherited disorders. They are
considered:
, - A) X-linked recessive
- B) Autosomal dominant
- C) Autosomal recessive
- D) Mitochondrial
Answer: C) Autosomal recessive
- Explanation: Both alpha and beta thalassemias are passed on through an
autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, requiring both parents to be
carriers for a child to express the disease.
### 4. What nutrient should the nurse encourage a woman in the early
stages of pregnancy to consume to prevent neural tube defects?
- A) Vitamin B12
- B) Folic acid
- C) Iron
- D) Calcium
Answer: B) Folic acid
- Explanation: Folic acid supplementation before and during early
pregnancy is essential to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, as it is
critical for proper neural development.
### 5. Sickle cell disease is characterized by the presence of Hb S. A nurse
is trying to differentiate between Hb S and normal Hb. Which of the following
amino acids is present in Hb S and not present in normal Hb?
- A) Glutamic acid
- B) Valine
- C) Lysine
- D) Alanine
, Answer: B) Valine
- Explanation: In sickle cell disease, the amino acid glutamic acid in the
beta-globulin chain is replaced by valine, which leads to abnormal
hemoglobin structure and function.
### 6. High blood glucose levels damage blood vessels in the kidneys,
which over time causes kidneys to become inefficient at filtering blood. The
damage caused then leads to a high level of what (upon testing)?
- A) Creatinine
- B) Urea
- C) Microalbuminuria in urine
- D) Glucose
Answer: C) Microalbuminuria in urine
- Explanation: Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by leakage of
albumin into urine, indicated by microalbuminuria, reflecting kidney damage
caused by prolonged high glucose levels.
### 7. One of the most important factors leading to insulin resistance and
diabetes is obesity. What are several important mechanisms that correlate
with obesity that cause these conditions?
- A) Increase in leptin and decrease in ghrelin
- B) Alterations in insulin receptors, glucagon, adipokines, amylin,
incretins, and ghrelin
- C) Increase in thyroid hormones
- D) Decreased physical activity
Advanced Pathophysiology - Wilkes
Actual Questions and Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
This Exam contains:
100% Guarantee Pass.
Multiple-Choice (A–D), For Each Question.
Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
Expert-Verified explanation
,### 1. A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a red
face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear
reveals an increased number of erythrocytes. This indicates:
- A) Leukemia
- B) Polycythemia vera (PV)
- C) Hemolytic anemia
- D) Thrombocytopenia
Answer: B) Polycythemia vera (PV)
- Explanation: Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder
characterized by an increased number of erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Symptoms such as facial flushing and headaches can occur due to increased
blood viscosity and hypervolemia.
### 2. A 67-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with
a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Upon taking the history, the patient will
most likely report:
- A) Abdominal pain
- B) Chest pain
- C) Joint pain
- D) Blurred vision
Answer: B) Chest pain
- Explanation: Patients with polycythemia vera often experience chest pain
as a result of increased blood viscosity, which can lead to altered
hemodynamics and ischemia.
### 3. Alpha and beta thalassemias are inherited disorders. They are
considered:
, - A) X-linked recessive
- B) Autosomal dominant
- C) Autosomal recessive
- D) Mitochondrial
Answer: C) Autosomal recessive
- Explanation: Both alpha and beta thalassemias are passed on through an
autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, requiring both parents to be
carriers for a child to express the disease.
### 4. What nutrient should the nurse encourage a woman in the early
stages of pregnancy to consume to prevent neural tube defects?
- A) Vitamin B12
- B) Folic acid
- C) Iron
- D) Calcium
Answer: B) Folic acid
- Explanation: Folic acid supplementation before and during early
pregnancy is essential to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, as it is
critical for proper neural development.
### 5. Sickle cell disease is characterized by the presence of Hb S. A nurse
is trying to differentiate between Hb S and normal Hb. Which of the following
amino acids is present in Hb S and not present in normal Hb?
- A) Glutamic acid
- B) Valine
- C) Lysine
- D) Alanine
, Answer: B) Valine
- Explanation: In sickle cell disease, the amino acid glutamic acid in the
beta-globulin chain is replaced by valine, which leads to abnormal
hemoglobin structure and function.
### 6. High blood glucose levels damage blood vessels in the kidneys,
which over time causes kidneys to become inefficient at filtering blood. The
damage caused then leads to a high level of what (upon testing)?
- A) Creatinine
- B) Urea
- C) Microalbuminuria in urine
- D) Glucose
Answer: C) Microalbuminuria in urine
- Explanation: Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by leakage of
albumin into urine, indicated by microalbuminuria, reflecting kidney damage
caused by prolonged high glucose levels.
### 7. One of the most important factors leading to insulin resistance and
diabetes is obesity. What are several important mechanisms that correlate
with obesity that cause these conditions?
- A) Increase in leptin and decrease in ghrelin
- B) Alterations in insulin receptors, glucagon, adipokines, amylin,
incretins, and ghrelin
- C) Increase in thyroid hormones
- D) Decreased physical activity
