PHS4300 Midterm Exam Questions With
Answers 100% Solved
Sites of Adenocarcinoma - ANSWER Lung
Colon
Breast
Pancreas
Stomach
Esophagus
Prostate
Endometrium
Ovary
Secretory Epithelium
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER - Induced by radiation / UV / metabolic
cellular stress
- Causes direct damage to DNA bases (i.e. cross linking of pyrimidines)
BPDE - ANSWER polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is smokers that bond w/base
and can result in Guanine being replaced with Thymidine
Two types of genes involved in cancer development - ANSWER 1. Tumor Suppressor
gene - inhibits cell proliferation; "the brake" (Rb p53)
2. Oncogenes - promotes proliferation; "the gas"
Phases of cell cycle - ANSWER G1 - housekeeping/growth
S - 2 chromosomes, repair or destruction of DNA
G2 - condenses in prep of mitosis
M - PMAT
Retinoblastoma - ANSWER two copies per person
- you only need one to function but one mutation makes it easier for a second mutation.
,- two mutations = Cancer (often bilat mulitfocal cells of retina)
p53 - ANSWER most commonly mutated gene across all types of Ca.
tumor suppressor
promotes prod of:
1. cell death inducing proteins
2. proteins that stop the cell cycle
mutated = uncontrolled growth and inability to induce apoptosis
BRCA 1/2 - ANSWER tumour suppressor protein are part of DNA repair complex.
When mutated the genome becomes unstable and mutations are not properly repaired.
Mammary gland/ovaries
HPV and p53 - ANSWER Protein made by the virus causes the destruction of p53 in an
infected cell therefore making the cell more likely to become cancerous (cervical
cancer)
Oncogenes - ANSWER - promote cellular processes necessary for cancer cell
proliferation and survival (key bc cells aren't designed to proliferate so quickly)
- includes: growth factor receptors and proteins that are involved in the transcription of
genes.
Ras - ANSWER Inhibits apoptosis and stimulates protein synthesis and cell proliferation,
helps for mvmnt structures
Herceptin - ANSWER antibody used to target and kill cells expressing HER2/neu on their
surface. Tx breast Ca
TNM system - ANSWER T- tumour
N- lymph nodes
M- metastasis
Stage Definition - ANSWER Stage 0- carcinoma in situ (only one with basement
membrane to settle in)
Stage I, II, III- higher numbers indicate more extensive disease
Stage IV- metastasis
Breast Cancer - ANSWER mutation in breast epithelium
must divide (estrogen = tumour promoter)
,- causes: hormone replacement therapy and late menopause
- Tamoxifen = tx blocks estrogen receptors
Angiogenesis - ANSWER presence of blood vessels in tumor
Intravasation - ANSWER change in shape to help cancer cells escape into blood vessel
Antimetabolites (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER mechanism of action based on normal
molecules, interfere with normal process.
1. inhibits synthesis of purine and pyramidine precursors
2. directly competes with normal molecules
3. few/mild s/e
Antibiotics (Chemotheraputics, Mechanisms of Action) - ANSWER a) generate ROS
which can create DNA strand breaks
b) intercalation between bases resulting in uncoiling of DNA
Drugs that inhibit microtubules (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER Inhibitors of
microtubules prevent mitosis by interfering with mitotic spindle
a) taxols-female and lung Ca
b) vinca alkaloids-blood/skin
s/e can include neurotoxicity
Drugs that target DNA unwinding Enzymes (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER 1.
anthracyclines
2. campothecins
* cell cannot cope and will die
Platinum Compound (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER cisplatin - binds to DNA helix and
kinks it so it cannot be copied
directly eliminated through the kidneys (can cause prob)
General side effects of chemotheraputics - ANSWER GI irritation, hepatotoxicity, n/v,
alopecia, bone marrow suppression (decr immune cells)
"-mab" - ANSWER monoclonal antibodies
Renal blood flow - ANSWER 1200 ml/min
25% cardiac output
, 99% absorbed
1% excreted
Where does kidney filtration occur? - ANSWER exclusively in cortex
Glomerular filtration barrier - ANSWER separates what needs to be excreted (uric acid,
sugar) vs. kept in body (blood, albumin)
Albumin - ANSWER creates pressure to pull water molecules across barrier into blood
to change interstitial fluid levels. Without it = edema
Mesangial cells - ANSWER removes trapped residues and protein from the basement
membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris
trunk of tree (capillaries are branches)
Endothelial cells - ANSWER have fenestrations to allow water flow
Visceral epithelial cells - ANSWER podocytes @ last site of filtration. Won't allow big
proteins to pass, but allows small ions and sugar
Parietal epithelium - ANSWER can migrate to become podocytes
GFR - ANSWER rate at which plasma moves through glomerular capillaries
Female 85-125 ml/min
Male 97 -140 ml/min
Substances used to measure GFR - ANSWER Inulin- gold standard
Creatinine- clinical standard
Cystatin C
GFR Equation - ANSWER amount of [substance] in urine x volume of urine (24h) / amount
[sub] in plasma
*overestimates GFR
Answers 100% Solved
Sites of Adenocarcinoma - ANSWER Lung
Colon
Breast
Pancreas
Stomach
Esophagus
Prostate
Endometrium
Ovary
Secretory Epithelium
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER - Induced by radiation / UV / metabolic
cellular stress
- Causes direct damage to DNA bases (i.e. cross linking of pyrimidines)
BPDE - ANSWER polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is smokers that bond w/base
and can result in Guanine being replaced with Thymidine
Two types of genes involved in cancer development - ANSWER 1. Tumor Suppressor
gene - inhibits cell proliferation; "the brake" (Rb p53)
2. Oncogenes - promotes proliferation; "the gas"
Phases of cell cycle - ANSWER G1 - housekeeping/growth
S - 2 chromosomes, repair or destruction of DNA
G2 - condenses in prep of mitosis
M - PMAT
Retinoblastoma - ANSWER two copies per person
- you only need one to function but one mutation makes it easier for a second mutation.
,- two mutations = Cancer (often bilat mulitfocal cells of retina)
p53 - ANSWER most commonly mutated gene across all types of Ca.
tumor suppressor
promotes prod of:
1. cell death inducing proteins
2. proteins that stop the cell cycle
mutated = uncontrolled growth and inability to induce apoptosis
BRCA 1/2 - ANSWER tumour suppressor protein are part of DNA repair complex.
When mutated the genome becomes unstable and mutations are not properly repaired.
Mammary gland/ovaries
HPV and p53 - ANSWER Protein made by the virus causes the destruction of p53 in an
infected cell therefore making the cell more likely to become cancerous (cervical
cancer)
Oncogenes - ANSWER - promote cellular processes necessary for cancer cell
proliferation and survival (key bc cells aren't designed to proliferate so quickly)
- includes: growth factor receptors and proteins that are involved in the transcription of
genes.
Ras - ANSWER Inhibits apoptosis and stimulates protein synthesis and cell proliferation,
helps for mvmnt structures
Herceptin - ANSWER antibody used to target and kill cells expressing HER2/neu on their
surface. Tx breast Ca
TNM system - ANSWER T- tumour
N- lymph nodes
M- metastasis
Stage Definition - ANSWER Stage 0- carcinoma in situ (only one with basement
membrane to settle in)
Stage I, II, III- higher numbers indicate more extensive disease
Stage IV- metastasis
Breast Cancer - ANSWER mutation in breast epithelium
must divide (estrogen = tumour promoter)
,- causes: hormone replacement therapy and late menopause
- Tamoxifen = tx blocks estrogen receptors
Angiogenesis - ANSWER presence of blood vessels in tumor
Intravasation - ANSWER change in shape to help cancer cells escape into blood vessel
Antimetabolites (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER mechanism of action based on normal
molecules, interfere with normal process.
1. inhibits synthesis of purine and pyramidine precursors
2. directly competes with normal molecules
3. few/mild s/e
Antibiotics (Chemotheraputics, Mechanisms of Action) - ANSWER a) generate ROS
which can create DNA strand breaks
b) intercalation between bases resulting in uncoiling of DNA
Drugs that inhibit microtubules (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER Inhibitors of
microtubules prevent mitosis by interfering with mitotic spindle
a) taxols-female and lung Ca
b) vinca alkaloids-blood/skin
s/e can include neurotoxicity
Drugs that target DNA unwinding Enzymes (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER 1.
anthracyclines
2. campothecins
* cell cannot cope and will die
Platinum Compound (Chemotheraputics) - ANSWER cisplatin - binds to DNA helix and
kinks it so it cannot be copied
directly eliminated through the kidneys (can cause prob)
General side effects of chemotheraputics - ANSWER GI irritation, hepatotoxicity, n/v,
alopecia, bone marrow suppression (decr immune cells)
"-mab" - ANSWER monoclonal antibodies
Renal blood flow - ANSWER 1200 ml/min
25% cardiac output
, 99% absorbed
1% excreted
Where does kidney filtration occur? - ANSWER exclusively in cortex
Glomerular filtration barrier - ANSWER separates what needs to be excreted (uric acid,
sugar) vs. kept in body (blood, albumin)
Albumin - ANSWER creates pressure to pull water molecules across barrier into blood
to change interstitial fluid levels. Without it = edema
Mesangial cells - ANSWER removes trapped residues and protein from the basement
membrane thus keeping the filter free of debris
trunk of tree (capillaries are branches)
Endothelial cells - ANSWER have fenestrations to allow water flow
Visceral epithelial cells - ANSWER podocytes @ last site of filtration. Won't allow big
proteins to pass, but allows small ions and sugar
Parietal epithelium - ANSWER can migrate to become podocytes
GFR - ANSWER rate at which plasma moves through glomerular capillaries
Female 85-125 ml/min
Male 97 -140 ml/min
Substances used to measure GFR - ANSWER Inulin- gold standard
Creatinine- clinical standard
Cystatin C
GFR Equation - ANSWER amount of [substance] in urine x volume of urine (24h) / amount
[sub] in plasma
*overestimates GFR
