NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study Guide Questions And Answers
With Verified Solutions Graded A+ Latest
Update 2025.
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER The study of homeostasis. What the body has to
do to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER A cluster of systemic manifestations that
represent an attempt to cope with a stressor
Describe the Alarm phase - ANSWER Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
Describe the resistance stage of GAS - ANSWER During this stage the body selects
the most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol levels that
were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - ANSWER Initiated if the stressor is prolonged
or overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
What is a sign? - ANSWER something that you can physically see
What is a symptom? - ANSWER Something that is felt by a person
What is edema? - ANSWER Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
Dehydration - ANSWER (ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of volume in the
body
Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload) - ANSWER Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to
breathe, bounding pulse. Edema is an example
, What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? - ANSWER Sodium (NaCl)
Chloride
The main electrolyte inside of the cell? - ANSWER Potassium
Main electrolyte in the interstitial space - ANSWER Magnesium
Sodium normal range - ANSWER 135-145 meq/L
High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L): - ANSWER hypernatremia
Symptoms of hypernatremia include - ANSWER dehydration and any accompanying
ECF volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
<135 meq/L (Low sodium) - ANSWER Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia symptoms - ANSWER Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
Normal Chloride levels - ANSWER 98-108meq/L
>108 Meq/L High Chloride levels - ANSWER Hyperchloremia
<98 meq/L Low Chloride levels - ANSWER Hypochloremia
3.5 - 5 mEq/liter - ANSWER normal potassium levels
High potassium >5 meq/L - ANSWER Hyperkalemia
<3.5 meq/L Low potassium - ANSWER Hypokalemia
4-5 meq/L - ANSWER normal calcium levels
>5 meq/L High calcium - ANSWER Hypercalcemia
*muscles can spasm & tense up
<4 meq/L Low calcium - ANSWER Hypocalcemia
*muscles are not as strong
Normal magnesium Levels - ANSWER 1.8-2.5 meq/L
How is fluid excreted from the body? - ANSWER Insensible loss, peeing, sweating
Someone who has diarrhea and is throwing up a lot is displaying? - ANSWER
Dehydration
Electrolyte imblance
What is interstitial fluid? - ANSWER Fluid in between the cells
Where is DNA stored in the cell - ANSWER Nucleus
What collects the DNA? - ANSWER Ribosomes
Study Guide Questions And Answers
With Verified Solutions Graded A+ Latest
Update 2025.
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER The study of homeostasis. What the body has to
do to be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER A cluster of systemic manifestations that
represent an attempt to cope with a stressor
Describe the Alarm phase - ANSWER Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
Describe the resistance stage of GAS - ANSWER During this stage the body selects
the most effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol levels that
were present in the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - ANSWER Initiated if the stressor is prolonged
or overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
What is a sign? - ANSWER something that you can physically see
What is a symptom? - ANSWER Something that is felt by a person
What is edema? - ANSWER Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
Dehydration - ANSWER (ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of volume in the
body
Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload) - ANSWER Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to
breathe, bounding pulse. Edema is an example
, What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? - ANSWER Sodium (NaCl)
Chloride
The main electrolyte inside of the cell? - ANSWER Potassium
Main electrolyte in the interstitial space - ANSWER Magnesium
Sodium normal range - ANSWER 135-145 meq/L
High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L): - ANSWER hypernatremia
Symptoms of hypernatremia include - ANSWER dehydration and any accompanying
ECF volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
<135 meq/L (Low sodium) - ANSWER Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia symptoms - ANSWER Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
Normal Chloride levels - ANSWER 98-108meq/L
>108 Meq/L High Chloride levels - ANSWER Hyperchloremia
<98 meq/L Low Chloride levels - ANSWER Hypochloremia
3.5 - 5 mEq/liter - ANSWER normal potassium levels
High potassium >5 meq/L - ANSWER Hyperkalemia
<3.5 meq/L Low potassium - ANSWER Hypokalemia
4-5 meq/L - ANSWER normal calcium levels
>5 meq/L High calcium - ANSWER Hypercalcemia
*muscles can spasm & tense up
<4 meq/L Low calcium - ANSWER Hypocalcemia
*muscles are not as strong
Normal magnesium Levels - ANSWER 1.8-2.5 meq/L
How is fluid excreted from the body? - ANSWER Insensible loss, peeing, sweating
Someone who has diarrhea and is throwing up a lot is displaying? - ANSWER
Dehydration
Electrolyte imblance
What is interstitial fluid? - ANSWER Fluid in between the cells
Where is DNA stored in the cell - ANSWER Nucleus
What collects the DNA? - ANSWER Ribosomes
