Sociology AQA A Level Crime and Deviance

Sociology AQA A Level Crime and Deviance 4 elements of the Marxist approach - ANSWER-Manipulation of values - ideological control to ensure support for working class Law creation - reflects the interests of ruling class Law enforcement - applied differently to different groups of people Individual motivation - criminogenic capitalism = explains how crime is a response to capitalism. .Anomie - ANSWER-When there has been a collapse of the collective conscious so people begin to act in their own self interest because they aren't sure/can't relate to the shared norms and values .Anti-terrorism legislations - ANSWER-Stops under anti-terrorism legislations rose by roughly 1450% between 1999 and 2003 Well over 90% of these led to no further action Attempts to 'deal with' terrorism e.g. harsh laws e.g. no trials further radicalise young muslims. Increased islamophobia in the media .AO3 - Marxist criticisms of subcultural theories - ANSWER-Gordon: Crime is an inevitable product of capitalism Capitalism encourages criminogenic values e.g. greed, materialism Can explain non-economic crimes e.g. rape, vandalism - lack of control over lives can lead to frustration/anger which can come out via crimes. .AO3 of CCTV - ANSWER-'no camera has ever climbed down and arrested someone' James Bulger - CCTV didn't catch/prevent the crime Limited effect on towns/residential areas due to displacement Little influence on impulsive crimes e.g. violent/alcohol based .AO3 of crime being functional and beneficial - ANSWER-- Ignores white collar crime (financial crime) Some groups see prison as a status symbol, not a punishment Ignores the social structure in creating crime e.g. poverty Ignores the victim saying that crime is beneficial .AO3 of criminal justice system juries - ANSWER-people who have more time e.g. older people, retired, middle class are likely to volunteer .AO3 of individual motivation - marxist view on crime - ANSWER-similar to strain theory Criminogenic capitalism - people want to compete and have most wealth so may result in crime .AO3 of Kingsley Davies - ANSWER-ignores the wife and prostitute .AO3 of merton - ANSWER-No such thing as common goals that everyone strives for, different goals due to age, ethnicity, class, gender etc. Doesn't explain crimes of passion - unrational crimes that happen due to anger/jealousy .AO3 of Murray - ANSWER-Murray believes having a welfare state will increase crime however it doesn't. In USA, they have no welfare state e.g. having to pay for own medical treatments. Therefore, they may result in crime to fund this. Murray ignores wider structural causes e.g. poverty. May be other reasons why people are unemployed/on benefits e.g. disability they can't help. Suggests marriage is best - ignores the dark side of the family e.g. domestic abuse (Feminism) .AO3 of Ned Polsky - ANSWER-watching sexual violence in porn can normalise it. .AO3 of positivist victimology - ANSWER-Ignores the structural causes that may contribute to crime e.g. poverty Can tip into victim blaming Can't account for victimless crimes e.g. vandalism .AO3 of rational choice theory/new right view on punishment - ANSWER-What if people don't think rationally? Drunk, mental health. .AO3 of recent strain theories - ANSWER-Not just applicable to working class, recent strain theories can explain middle class crime. .AO3 of society with no crime - ANSWER-Society with no crime = no social change e.g. North Korea - people are too scared to commit crime due to social control and dictatorship. .AO3 of victim surveys - ANSWER-relies on individuals memories, only personal crimes, excludes under 16s and white collar crimes .AO3 of zero tolerance - ANSWER-racism increased from zero tolerance as it lead to over policing of certain groups and minorities Footballing in the streets led to one boy accidentally being strangled to death by a police officer Crack cocaine ↑ aggression. People moved to other less aggressive drugs instead of crack cocaine. Zero tolerance didn't stop drug use, people just changed their drug habits. Police are concerned with the appearance of crime lowering rather than crime actually lowering and the cause of crime. .Arms and Nuclear material trafficking - ANSWER-more than 100 nuclear smuggling incidents since 1993 18 containing uranium which is key to make atomic bombs .Becker - 1963 Outsiders - ANSWER-Deviant one where the label has been successfully applied Whether it's labelled as deviant depends on who commits the act, when and where Some may be able to negotiate with the police (cultural capital) Master status can lead to self fulfilling prophecy Leads to further crimes and deviant subcultures .Becker and Labelling - ANSWER-police/elite have the power to label what is seen as deviant Deviance is therefore the outcome of a successful label .Bhopal gas explosion - ANSWER-50,000 people died by toxic gas and chemicals, no safety systems working, tried to blame workers, no one went to jail and company still running. .Campbell - ANSWER-young men seek compensation for lack of breadwinner status through aggressive masculinity They establish their masculinity by trying to control over technology, public spaces by committing violence against others .Capitalism and Crime (Ian Taylor) - ANSWER-international corporations are obsessed with profit so they move their production to where the cheapest labour is increased marketisation has lead to people being bombarded with choice believe capitalism has resulted in corporate greed which has lead to more criminal activity .Chambliss - Saints and Roughnecks - ANSWER-Saints = 8 m/c delinquents in USA Roughnecks = 6 w/c delinquents Saints could use cultural capital to negotiate with police Roughnecks = self fulfilling prophecy whereas saints graduated and gained m/c jobs .Chambliss - the RDU - ANSWER-Demonstrates racist policing strategies in washington more aggression/suspicion in 'black areas' Labelled black men as criminal and stopped them more often Some officers were racist and treated them differently due to ethnicity .Charles Murray - ANSWER-Everyone has a drive to commit crime which is either dulled or enhanced depending on the primary socialisation. Lone parent families: males lack male role models and turn to crime e.g. subcultures to find a role model to identify with Dependent on the state so they grow up thinking everything will be given to them so they won't try hard. This may lead to crime because of boredom etc. .Charles Murray - Solutions - ANSWER-compulsory education until 18 increased job opportunities for young