HSC 3720 Exam 1 Questions With
Complete Answers 100% Verified
what is the leading cause of death in the United States? - ANSWER heart disease and
cancers, which are currently the leading causes of death in industrialized societies
Chronic diseases and their impact on the United States - ANSWER Far less progress has
been made against chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancers, which are
currently the leading causes of death in industrialized societies. Under the biomedical
model, a heart attack is seen as arterial blockage, tissue damage, and pain. How the
person reacts to these physical events as well as what behavior might have contributed
to the condition are generally not considered.
Biomedical Model - ANSWER The Biomedical Model essentially separates the mind and
body, know as mind-body dualism. It also propagates the idea of Reductionism, the
doctrine that the phenomena of health and illness are best understood at the level of
physics and chemistry, or biochemical characteristics. This approach has been useful,
especially in the early twentieth century. Many acute diseases have been eradicated or
controlled by studying these diseases from a biomedical perspective (e.g., smallpox,
tuberculosis, influenza, pneumonia).
Criticisms of the Biomedical Model:
Individuals have different reactions to symptoms and may report the symptoms
differently. Psychological, social, and cultural factors may influence how symptoms of a
disease are experienced and reported, and how they affect the person. Biomedical
indicators cannot account for these factors. Diagnosis and an appropriate treatment
plans depend on the input of the patient. The input of the patient's significant others may
also be critical to a complete diagnosis and treatment plan.
Humans are not merely biological beings. Their state of health is affected by more than
biological functioning. Humans are also psychological and social creatures, and all
three aspects affect the state of health. The biomedical approach ignores the influence
of life situations on the person's health. The timing of a disease is often related to life
changes and/or changes in social support. Psychological and social factors may also be
critical for determining when the person comes to view himself or herself as ill. The
biomedical model is also not capable of explaining why people do or do not seek help,
and the timing of the decision. The biomedical model also fails to account for the
person's return to health after being ill. We normally think of a person as being cured
when the physiological abnor
Sociological Model of Health - ANSWER The Sociological Model of Health
, The sociological approach to health emphasizes the social and cultural aspects of
health and illness. It focuses on the individual's capacity to perform roles and tasks. The
model acknowledges that there are social differences among individuals in the way they
define health. The individual's own definition is given centrality rather than the
physician's.
Health relates to the ability to comply with social norms and to perform the roles and
tasks for which an individual has been socialized. There is no assumption that disease
can be objectified. The focus is much broader and more socially relevant than physical
malfunction. The definition is stated in positive terms as opposed to the absence of
physiological malfunction. It includes all the dimensions of individuals that impact on
social participation. Thus, health is defined more by social criteria than physical criteria.
What may be considered a positive state of health for one person may be considered as
unhealthy by another. The perception of health is relative to one's culture and one's
position in the social culture, and is influenced by social criteria. Personal definitions of
health may vary by age, gender, and perceived level of health. For example:
Younger men conceptualize health in terms of physical strength and fitness.
Young women focus on energy, vitality, and ability to cope.
Older men and women consider health in terms of functioning and state of contentment
and happiness.
Women of all ages are more likely to include social relationships in their definition of
health.
These models are not without their critics. Much of the criticism revolves around the
abstract nature of their definitions of health. Critics contend that they are so abstract
that health status can not be measured. Put another way, these models rely too he
Psychological Model of health - ANSWER The Psychological Model of Health
The primary premise of the psychological model of health is that individuals constantly
make subjective evaluations of the own health. Among the subjective evaluations made
are:
Is a general feeling of well being present or absent?
Is there a sense of pleasurable involvement? Pleasurable involvement is viewed as a
good feeling associated with personal accomplishments, receiving compliments, and
being involved in interesting daily activities.
Is long-term satisfaction present? This longer lasting sense of happiness is associated
with positive personal, family, and work situations.
Is there a presence or absence of negative affect? Negative affect includes
unhappiness, loneliness, and criticism from others.
Complete Answers 100% Verified
what is the leading cause of death in the United States? - ANSWER heart disease and
cancers, which are currently the leading causes of death in industrialized societies
Chronic diseases and their impact on the United States - ANSWER Far less progress has
been made against chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancers, which are
currently the leading causes of death in industrialized societies. Under the biomedical
model, a heart attack is seen as arterial blockage, tissue damage, and pain. How the
person reacts to these physical events as well as what behavior might have contributed
to the condition are generally not considered.
Biomedical Model - ANSWER The Biomedical Model essentially separates the mind and
body, know as mind-body dualism. It also propagates the idea of Reductionism, the
doctrine that the phenomena of health and illness are best understood at the level of
physics and chemistry, or biochemical characteristics. This approach has been useful,
especially in the early twentieth century. Many acute diseases have been eradicated or
controlled by studying these diseases from a biomedical perspective (e.g., smallpox,
tuberculosis, influenza, pneumonia).
Criticisms of the Biomedical Model:
Individuals have different reactions to symptoms and may report the symptoms
differently. Psychological, social, and cultural factors may influence how symptoms of a
disease are experienced and reported, and how they affect the person. Biomedical
indicators cannot account for these factors. Diagnosis and an appropriate treatment
plans depend on the input of the patient. The input of the patient's significant others may
also be critical to a complete diagnosis and treatment plan.
Humans are not merely biological beings. Their state of health is affected by more than
biological functioning. Humans are also psychological and social creatures, and all
three aspects affect the state of health. The biomedical approach ignores the influence
of life situations on the person's health. The timing of a disease is often related to life
changes and/or changes in social support. Psychological and social factors may also be
critical for determining when the person comes to view himself or herself as ill. The
biomedical model is also not capable of explaining why people do or do not seek help,
and the timing of the decision. The biomedical model also fails to account for the
person's return to health after being ill. We normally think of a person as being cured
when the physiological abnor
Sociological Model of Health - ANSWER The Sociological Model of Health
, The sociological approach to health emphasizes the social and cultural aspects of
health and illness. It focuses on the individual's capacity to perform roles and tasks. The
model acknowledges that there are social differences among individuals in the way they
define health. The individual's own definition is given centrality rather than the
physician's.
Health relates to the ability to comply with social norms and to perform the roles and
tasks for which an individual has been socialized. There is no assumption that disease
can be objectified. The focus is much broader and more socially relevant than physical
malfunction. The definition is stated in positive terms as opposed to the absence of
physiological malfunction. It includes all the dimensions of individuals that impact on
social participation. Thus, health is defined more by social criteria than physical criteria.
What may be considered a positive state of health for one person may be considered as
unhealthy by another. The perception of health is relative to one's culture and one's
position in the social culture, and is influenced by social criteria. Personal definitions of
health may vary by age, gender, and perceived level of health. For example:
Younger men conceptualize health in terms of physical strength and fitness.
Young women focus on energy, vitality, and ability to cope.
Older men and women consider health in terms of functioning and state of contentment
and happiness.
Women of all ages are more likely to include social relationships in their definition of
health.
These models are not without their critics. Much of the criticism revolves around the
abstract nature of their definitions of health. Critics contend that they are so abstract
that health status can not be measured. Put another way, these models rely too he
Psychological Model of health - ANSWER The Psychological Model of Health
The primary premise of the psychological model of health is that individuals constantly
make subjective evaluations of the own health. Among the subjective evaluations made
are:
Is a general feeling of well being present or absent?
Is there a sense of pleasurable involvement? Pleasurable involvement is viewed as a
good feeling associated with personal accomplishments, receiving compliments, and
being involved in interesting daily activities.
Is long-term satisfaction present? This longer lasting sense of happiness is associated
with positive personal, family, and work situations.
Is there a presence or absence of negative affect? Negative affect includes
unhappiness, loneliness, and criticism from others.
