HARTMAN'S NURSING ASSISTANT CARE 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔cyanotic - ✔✔skin that is blue or gray.
✔✔shock - ✔✔a condition that occurs when organs and tissues in the body do not
receive an adequate blood supply.
✔✔dyspnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing
✔✔insulin reaction - ✔✔complication of diabetes that can result from either too much
insulin or too little food; also known as hypoglycemia.
✔✔diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔a complication of diabetes that is caused by having
too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia.
✔✔cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ✔✔a condition that occurs when blood supply to a
part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain; also
called a stroke.
✔✔transient ischemic attack (TIA) - ✔✔a warning sign of a CVA/stroke resulting from a
temporary lack of oxygen in the brain; symptoms may last up to 24 hours.
✔✔emesis - ✔✔the act of vomiting, or ejecting stomach contents through the mouth
and/or nose.
✔✔infection prevention - ✔✔the set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to
prevent and control the spread of disease.
✔✔microorganism (MO) - ✔✔a living thing or organism that is so small that it can be
seen only through a microscope; also called microbe.
✔✔microbe - ✔✔a living thing or organism that is so small that it can be seen only
under a microscope; also called microorganism.
✔✔infection - ✔✔the state resulting from pathogens invading the body and multiplying.
✔✔pathogens - ✔✔microorganisms that are capable of causing infection and disease.
localized
✔✔localized infection - ✔✔an infection that is limited to a specific location in the body
and has local symptoms.
,✔✔systemic infection - ✔✔an infection that is in the bloodstream and is spread
throughout the body, causing general symptoms.
✔✔healthcare-associated infection (HAI) - ✔✔an infection acquired within a healthcare
setting during the delivery of medical care.
✔✔chain of infection - ✔✔way of describing how disease is transmitted from one being
to another. causative agent: a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease.
✔✔reservoir - ✔✔a place where a pathogen lives and grows.
✔✔portal of exit - ✔✔any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to
leave.
✔✔mode of transmission - ✔✔the method of describing how a pathogen travels.
✔✔direct contact - ✔✔a way of transmitting pathogens through touching the infected
person or his or her secretions.
✔✔indirect contact - ✔✔a way of transmitting pathogens by touching something
contaminated by the infected person.
✔✔portal of entry - ✔✔any body opening on an uninfected person that allows
pathogens to enter.
✔✔mucous membranes - ✔✔the membranes that line body cavities that open to the
outside of the body, such as the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, or genitals.
✔✔susceptible host - ✔✔an uninfected person who could get sick.
✔✔transmission - ✔✔passage or transfer.
✔✔medical asepsis - ✔✔refers to practices such as handwashing that reduce, remove,
and control the spread of microorganisms.
✔✔surgical asepsis - ✔✔the state of being free of all microorganisms; also called sterile
technique.
✔✔Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - ✔✔a government agency under
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that issues information to protect
the health of individuals and communities.
, ✔✔Standard Precautions - ✔✔a method of infection prevention in which all blood, body
fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes are treated as if they were infected with
an infectious disease.
✔✔sputum - ✔✔thick mucus coughed up from the lungs. sharps: needles or other sharp
objects.
✔✔hand hygiene - ✔✔washing hands with either plain or antiseptic soap and water and
using alcohol-based hand rubs.
✔✔antimicrobial - ✔✔an agent that destroys, resists or prevents the development of
pathogens.
✔✔personal protective equipment (PPE) - ✔✔equipment that helps protect employees
from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with workplace
hazards.
✔✔don - ✔✔to put on
✔✔doff - ✔✔to remove
✔✔perineal care - ✔✔care of the genitals and anal area
✔✔non-intact skin - ✔✔skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, acne, pimples,
lesions, surgical incisions, or boils.
✔✔clean - ✔✔in health care, a condition in which objects are not contaminated with
pathogens.
✔✔dirty - ✔✔in health care, a condition in which objects have been contaminated with
pathogens.
✔✔sterilization - ✔✔a method used to decrease the spread of pathogens and disease
by destroying all microorganisms, including those that form spores.
✔✔disinfection - ✔✔a process that kills pathogens, but not all pathogens; it reduces the
pathogen count to a level that is considered not infectious. disposable: only to be used
once and then discarded.
✔✔Transmission-Based Precautions - ✔✔method of infection prevention used when
caring for persons who are infected or suspected of being infected with a disease.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔cyanotic - ✔✔skin that is blue or gray.
✔✔shock - ✔✔a condition that occurs when organs and tissues in the body do not
receive an adequate blood supply.
✔✔dyspnea - ✔✔difficulty breathing
✔✔insulin reaction - ✔✔complication of diabetes that can result from either too much
insulin or too little food; also known as hypoglycemia.
✔✔diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - ✔✔a complication of diabetes that is caused by having
too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia.
✔✔cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ✔✔a condition that occurs when blood supply to a
part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain; also
called a stroke.
✔✔transient ischemic attack (TIA) - ✔✔a warning sign of a CVA/stroke resulting from a
temporary lack of oxygen in the brain; symptoms may last up to 24 hours.
✔✔emesis - ✔✔the act of vomiting, or ejecting stomach contents through the mouth
and/or nose.
✔✔infection prevention - ✔✔the set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to
prevent and control the spread of disease.
✔✔microorganism (MO) - ✔✔a living thing or organism that is so small that it can be
seen only through a microscope; also called microbe.
✔✔microbe - ✔✔a living thing or organism that is so small that it can be seen only
under a microscope; also called microorganism.
✔✔infection - ✔✔the state resulting from pathogens invading the body and multiplying.
✔✔pathogens - ✔✔microorganisms that are capable of causing infection and disease.
localized
✔✔localized infection - ✔✔an infection that is limited to a specific location in the body
and has local symptoms.
,✔✔systemic infection - ✔✔an infection that is in the bloodstream and is spread
throughout the body, causing general symptoms.
✔✔healthcare-associated infection (HAI) - ✔✔an infection acquired within a healthcare
setting during the delivery of medical care.
✔✔chain of infection - ✔✔way of describing how disease is transmitted from one being
to another. causative agent: a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease.
✔✔reservoir - ✔✔a place where a pathogen lives and grows.
✔✔portal of exit - ✔✔any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to
leave.
✔✔mode of transmission - ✔✔the method of describing how a pathogen travels.
✔✔direct contact - ✔✔a way of transmitting pathogens through touching the infected
person or his or her secretions.
✔✔indirect contact - ✔✔a way of transmitting pathogens by touching something
contaminated by the infected person.
✔✔portal of entry - ✔✔any body opening on an uninfected person that allows
pathogens to enter.
✔✔mucous membranes - ✔✔the membranes that line body cavities that open to the
outside of the body, such as the linings of the mouth, nose, eyes, rectum, or genitals.
✔✔susceptible host - ✔✔an uninfected person who could get sick.
✔✔transmission - ✔✔passage or transfer.
✔✔medical asepsis - ✔✔refers to practices such as handwashing that reduce, remove,
and control the spread of microorganisms.
✔✔surgical asepsis - ✔✔the state of being free of all microorganisms; also called sterile
technique.
✔✔Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - ✔✔a government agency under
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that issues information to protect
the health of individuals and communities.
, ✔✔Standard Precautions - ✔✔a method of infection prevention in which all blood, body
fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes are treated as if they were infected with
an infectious disease.
✔✔sputum - ✔✔thick mucus coughed up from the lungs. sharps: needles or other sharp
objects.
✔✔hand hygiene - ✔✔washing hands with either plain or antiseptic soap and water and
using alcohol-based hand rubs.
✔✔antimicrobial - ✔✔an agent that destroys, resists or prevents the development of
pathogens.
✔✔personal protective equipment (PPE) - ✔✔equipment that helps protect employees
from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with workplace
hazards.
✔✔don - ✔✔to put on
✔✔doff - ✔✔to remove
✔✔perineal care - ✔✔care of the genitals and anal area
✔✔non-intact skin - ✔✔skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, acne, pimples,
lesions, surgical incisions, or boils.
✔✔clean - ✔✔in health care, a condition in which objects are not contaminated with
pathogens.
✔✔dirty - ✔✔in health care, a condition in which objects have been contaminated with
pathogens.
✔✔sterilization - ✔✔a method used to decrease the spread of pathogens and disease
by destroying all microorganisms, including those that form spores.
✔✔disinfection - ✔✔a process that kills pathogens, but not all pathogens; it reduces the
pathogen count to a level that is considered not infectious. disposable: only to be used
once and then discarded.
✔✔Transmission-Based Precautions - ✔✔method of infection prevention used when
caring for persons who are infected or suspected of being infected with a disease.
