Anatomy Test 2 Questions With Verified Correct Answers Complete Solutions.

Functions of bone - correct answer 1- support 2- protection 3- serve as levers for movement 4- mineral storage 5- hemopoiesis (make blood) 6- can store a little fat in the form of yellow marrow in shaft of long bone diaphysis - correct answer shaft of a bone epiphysis - correct answer ends of bone metaphysis - correct answer area between diaphysis and epiphysis (where growth plate is located) articular cartilage - correct answer ends of bones where joints are located. (hyaline cartilage) periosteum - correct answer surrounds the bone what is the two layers of periosteum - correct answer outside- dense fibrous connective tissue inside- mesenchymal cells (osteoprogenitors) endosteum - correct answer lines medullary cavity. contains osteoprogenitors medullary cavity - correct answer cavity within the diaphysis (hollow) IC substance of bone - correct answer collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and calcium salts calcium salts - correct answer what makes the bone hard exterior bone - correct answer compact bone interior bone - correct answer spongy bone/ trabecular bone osteooprogenitor - correct answer stem cells derived from mesenchyme that can become osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondroblasts osteoblasts - correct answer bone forming cells, make the IC substance osteocytes - correct answer mature osteoblast, control cellular enviornment osteoclasts - correct answer bone-eating cells osteon/ Haversian system - correct answer functional unit of compact bone haversian canal - correct answer central canal where blood vessels are located lamellae - correct answer concentrically arranged layers of calcified matrix that surrounds the central canal lacunae - correct answer space between lamellae that houses osteocytes. concentrically arranged around osteocytes canaliculi - correct answer canals that radiate out from lacunae and interconnect lacunae and central canal volkmann's canals - correct answer penetrate bone perpendicularly. they interconnect blood vessels in the Harversian canals. vessels from surface of bone can enter through here. not part of osteon spongy/ cancellous bone - correct answer deep to compact bone. aka trabecular bone. common in flat bone. contains no true osteons, consists of needle-like bony spikes called trabeculae. but there are components of osteons. there are osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi present, but no central canal or lamellae. blood supply comes from red marrow name six types of bone - correct answer long, short, flat, irregular, sesmoid, Wormian long bones - correct answer serve as levers. femur, phlanges, humerus short bones - correct answer cube shaped. in places of limited motions i.e. carpals and tarsals flat bones - correct answer two layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone. temporal bone and sternum irregular bone - correct answer peculiar shape, vertebrae, hip, ethmoid, sphenoid sesmoid bone - correct answer floating bone. patella, pisiform wormian bone - correct answer sutural bones. in skull calcification - correct answer the disposition of calcium salts and formation of mineral content in bone ossification - correct answer bone formation (includes process of calcification) what can the embryonic skeleton be composed of either - correct answer cartilage (hyaline) or fibrous membranes. both are derived from mesenchyme when does development of bone (ossification) occur - correct answer between the 6th-8th week of embryonic life how does all bone begin as - correct answer undifferentiated mesenchyme what two ways are bone formed from undifferentiated mesenchyme - correct answer 1. endochondral or intracartilagenous formation 2. intramembranous formation endochondral or intracartilagenous formation - correct answer cartilage is replaced by bone intramembranous formation - correct answer direct transition of mesenchyme to bone. mesenchymal differentiate into osteoblasts osteoprogenators - correct answer become osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. inside of periosteum, perichondrium, and endostium endochondral bone formation - correct answer most of the bones of the body are formed this way. by the end of the 8th week in utero, most bones are pre-formed in hyaline cartilage. mesenchymal cells cluster together in the shape of a primitive bone and differentiate into chondroblasts to form the hyaline cartilage model what make the pericondrium and why - correct answer fibroblasts b/c its dense CT on outside. what are the two ways cartilage can grow - correct answer appositionally, interstitially appositional - correct answer growth from the surface interstitial - correct answer growth from within how is a primary collar formed in the growth of long bones - correct answer midway along the shaft of the cartilage model, a blood vessel penetrates the pericondrium which causes the cells within the inner layer to change from undifferentiated mesenchyme to osteoblasts via osteoprogenitor cells. thus, a primary bone collar is formed how is primitive spongy bone formed - correct answer at the same time the surface is changing, the chondroblasts on the inside of the shaft begin to swell (hypertrophy) and produce enzyme which cause the IC substance to calcify. Calcification shuts off nutrients to the chondrocytes, they die, and leave empty spaces (lacunae) behind. Blood vessels invade the spaces and brings with it undifferentiated mesenchyme which will become osteoblasts. the osteoblasts lay down bone on the remnants of the calcified cartilage and forms primitive trabecular (spongy) bone how is medullary cavity formed - correct answer most of the new bone is reabsorbed by osteoclasts to make room for shaping the medullary cavity diaphyseal (primary) ossification center - correct answer ossification begins at the diaphysis epiphyseal ossification center - correct answer start to form bone at epiphysis. aka secondary ossification center. same thing occurs here as in diaphyseal. get blood supply. CB hypertrophy. calcify. die. osteoclasts. trabecular bone. no bone collar formed here where does bone formation not grow - correct answer 1. at the epiphyseal disk (plate)- this allows you to keep growing (growth plate). ossify when about 20 years old 2. end on the bone where joint will be continued growth of bone of the epiphyseal disk - correct answer occurs only at diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal disk. interstitial growth growth in width of bone - correct answer appositional growth, bone gets wider because osteoblasts lay bone at the surface, then osteoclasts eat away bone underneath what can bone growth be disrupted by - correct answer 1. trama (fracture) 2. lack of nutrients (improper diet) 3. infection 4. hormone imbalance