SolutionManual for
ix ix
Statistics for Nursing
ix ix
ix ResearchAWorkbook for
ix ix ix
ix Evidence-Based Practice ix
ix 3rd Edition Susan Grove
ix ix ix
ix Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded ix ix ix ix ix ix
ix
Measurement:Nominal,
i x i x
ix
i x
1
The questions arein bold followed by answers.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
2019).
ix
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
iyour answer.
x ix
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
sample.
ix
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Knapp, 2017).
ix ix
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
i What category identifies your current income as an RN?
x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
a. Less than $50,000 ix ix
b. $50,000 to 59,999 ix ix
c. $60,000 to 69,999 ix ix
d. $70,000 to 80,000 ix ix
e. $80,000 or greater ix ix
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
AG 1-1 ix
,AG 1-2 ix Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded ix ix ix ix ix ix
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix i x ix
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
2017). ix
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
of this result.
ix ix ix
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix i x ix
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
percent (%).
ix ix
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
included i 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
i x i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x ix i x
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
i x i x i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x ix
sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% =
i x i x i x ix i x i x i x ix i x i x ix i x i x i x ix i x
0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
ix i x ix i x ix i x ix i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x ix ix ix ix ix ix
treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
antidepressant.
ix
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
clinical practice?
ix ix
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
functional status of cardiac patients.
i x i x ix ix ix
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
ix ix ix ix ix ix AG 1-3 ix
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
ix ix
Statistics for Nursing
ix ix
ix ResearchAWorkbook for
ix ix ix
ix Evidence-Based Practice ix
ix 3rd Edition Susan Grove
ix ix ix
ix Daisha
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded ix ix ix ix ix ix
ix
Measurement:Nominal,
i x i x
ix
i x
1
The questions arein bold followed by answers.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
2019).
ix
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
iyour answer.
x ix
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
sample.
ix
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Knapp, 2017).
ix ix
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
i What category identifies your current income as an RN?
x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
a. Less than $50,000 ix ix
b. $50,000 to 59,999 ix ix
c. $60,000 to 69,999 ix ix
d. $70,000 to 80,000 ix ix
e. $80,000 or greater ix ix
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
AG 1-1 ix
,AG 1-2 ix Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded ix ix ix ix ix ix
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix i x ix
than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
2017). ix
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
of this result.
ix ix ix
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix i x ix
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
percent (%).
ix ix
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
included i 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The
x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The
i x i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x ix i x
group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total
i x i x i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x ix
sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% =
i x i x i x ix i x i x i x ix i x i x ix i x i x i x ix i x
0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole
ix i x ix i x ix i x ix i x i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x
percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients
i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x ix ix ix ix ix ix
treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
antidepressant.
ix
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
clinical practice?
ix ix
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
i x ix i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x i x
functional status of cardiac patients.
i x i x ix ix ix
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
ix ix ix ix ix ix AG 1-3 ix
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for
i x ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix ix
