UVIC Biology 225 Final Exam

Nernst equation - Correct Answer-What is used to calculate the membrane potential for a single ion? Goldman equation - Correct Answer-What is used to calculate the membrane potential that takes account for all ions permeant through that membrane? loss of myelination - Correct Answer-Multiple sclerosis is associated with what? ion-channel-coupled receptors, g-protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-coupled receptors linked to an enzyme, enzyme-coupled receptor associated with an enzyme - Correct Answer-What are the four types of cell surface receptors? inactive - Correct Answer-When an alpha subunit is bound to GDP, it associates with Beta-Gamma subunit and is _________ exchange of GDP for GTP - Correct Answer-What causes the alpha subunit to disassociate from the Beta-Gammas subunit? potassium - Correct Answer-With the cytosol having a higher concentration of _________________ it evens out the negative charge of DNA, RNA, and proteins no - Correct Answer-Are leak channels gated? impermeable negatively charged macromolecules - Correct Answer-What contributes to the net negative resting potential of most cells? 3 and 2 - Correct Answer-For every molecule of ATP that is hydrolyzed, __ sodium ions are transported out of the cell and __ potassium ion come into the cell. cytoplasmic - Correct Answer-When membrane depolarize, they become more positively charged on the ___________________ side vesicles held in storage are mobilized for rapid release, vesicles ready for release rapidly dock and fuse with the plasma membrane in the synaptic bouton region - Correct Answer-What are the two main effects from the release of calcium within the synaptic bouton? insulin receptor binds insulin so the activated restore phosphorylates the IRS-1 protein. IRS-1 can lead to recruitment of GRB2 activating the Gas pathway - Correct Answer-What is the first step of the insulin singling pathway? inhibits - Correct Answer-An antagonist ________ activates - Correct Answer-An agonist _________ 40 50 - Correct Answer-____%-____% of all drugs target GPCR rhodopsin - Correct Answer-What is the GPCR we use for our vision? makes chloride flood into gut and makes a saltwater environment with the sodium, causing extreme dehydration and diarrhea - Correct Answer-What does cholera do to your body? calcium - Correct Answer-When ________ binds to calmodulin, it changes formation potassium - Correct Answer-____________ is contributes the most to resting membrane potential bloodstream cells - Correct Answer-Endocrine hormones are carried out by the ________________ whereas local mediators, such as growth factors, can act on nearby _______ juxtacrine signals - Correct Answer-short range signals that require physical contact between the sending and receiving cells induce a change in receptor conformation or cause receptors to cluster together - Correct Answer-What are the two ways a receptor can be altered when a ligand binds to it? IP3 - Correct Answer-opens calcium ion channels DAG - Correct Answer-activates protein kinase C cGMP - Correct Answer-smooth muscle relaxation cAMP - Correct Answer-glucose mobilization turn proteins on and off through changes in phosphorylation status - Correct Answer-Why are kinases and phosphates essential in the cell? ER membranes - Correct Answer-IP3 receptors are associated with what? protein kinase A regulatory subunits - Correct Answer-cAMP affects cell activities by interacting directly with? hyperpolarize - Correct Answer-Inhibitory signals _________________ the membrane and make the membrane potential even more negative than normal metastatic tumor - Correct Answer-A ___________ _________ is one in which one or more cancer cells have traveled through the bloodstream and invaded a distant organ hydroxylation because it increases the hydrophilicity of the m