EOC Chemistry 1 Complete Exam Review 2025

Basic unit of matter - Correct Answer-Atom Made up of protons and neutrons; Center of an atom - Correct Answer-Nucleus positively charged subatomic particle; located in the nucleus; mass of 1 amu - Correct Answer-Proton negatively charged subatomic particle; located in the electron cloud; mass 0 amu - Correct Answer-Electron neutrally charged subatomic particle; located in the nucleus; mass of 1 amu - Correct Answer-Neutron equal to the total number of subatomic particles in the nucleus. Protons + neutrons = __________________ - Correct Answer-Mass Number Number of protons; identifies the element - Correct Answer-Atomic number A pure substance made of only one kind of atom - Correct Answer-Element Atoms of one element different numbers of neutrons - Correct Answer-Isotope The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus - Correct Answer-Mass Number Surrounds the nucleus; where the electrons move - Correct Answer-electron cloud What is the difference between a carbon-12 and carbon-14 isotope? - Correct Answer-They have different number of neutrons. Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the discovery of the ______, when particles were deflected instead of passing through thin sheets of gold foil. - Correct Answer-nucleus (and later the proton) the neutron - Correct Answer-The last of the 3 subatomic particles to be discovered was _________________ . pH scale - Correct Answer-scale from 0-14 to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Acids: pH 7 Bases: pH 7 Neutral: pH = 7 Indicator - Correct Answer-A compound that can change color depending on conditions such as pH NaOH - Correct Answer-The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide Bases taste - Correct Answer-bitter Bases turn litmus paper - Correct Answer-blue Acids turn litmus paper - Correct Answer-red Neutral pH - Correct Answer-A substance that is 7 on the pH scale is said to be [H₃O⁺] [OH⁻] Acidic, Basic, or Neutral solution? - Correct Answer-Acidic solution [H₃O⁺] [OH⁻] Acidic, Basic, or Neutral solution? - Correct Answer-Basic solution [H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻] Acidic, Basic, or Neutral solution? - Correct Answer-Neutral solution Acids taste - Correct Answer-sour Solute - Correct Answer-In a solution, this is the substance being dissolved There is less solute than solvent Solvent - Correct Answer-In a solution, this is the substance doing the dissolving There is more solvent than solute Aqueous Solution - Correct Answer-A solution in which water is the solvent Concentration - Correct Answer-Refers to the amount of dissolved solute in a given solution Molarity - Correct Answer-a measure of a solution's concentration Moles of solute per liters of solvent (mol/L) Concentrated - Correct Answer-Describes a solution that has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute Dilute - Correct Answer-Describes a solution that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute Gas - Correct Answer-State of matter in which particles have high kinetic energy, low density Gas Pressure - Correct Answer-Caused by the collision of gas particles against a surface If volume is constant and temperature increases - Correct Answer-pressure increases If temperature is constant and volume increases - Correct Answer-pressure decreases If pressure is constant and temperature decreases - Correct Answer-volume decreases If pressure is constant and temperature increases - Correct Answer-volume increases endothermic - Correct Answer-A phase change that occurs when a substance has increased kinetic energy is a _____________________ reaction. exothermic - Correct Answer-A phase change that occurs when a substance has decreased kinetic energy is a _____________________ reaction. Temperature - Correct Answer-A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. A measurement of Heat energy. In an exothermic process energy is ____________. - Correct Answer-released In an endothermic process energy is ____________. - Correct Answer-absorbed A phase change from solid to gas - Correct Answer-sublimation energy profile of exothermic reaction - Correct Answer-See picture. Reactants have more PE than products. energy profile of endothermic reaction - Correct Answer-See picture. Products have more PE than reactants. Molar mass - Correct Answer-the mass of one mole of a substance. Mole - Correct Answer-is a unit to measure the amount of a substance atoms generally want to have _______ valence electrons to meet the octet rule - Correct Answer-8 Diatomic molecule - Correct Answer-2 atoms of the same element in a covalent bond (YOU NEED TO KNOW THEM) Molecule - Correct Answer-Group of 2 or more atoms that are bonded covalently (sharing valence electrons) Usually nonmetals Covalent Bond - Correct Answer-a chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons Element - Correct Answer-A pure substance made of only one kind of atom Compound - Correct Answer-A substance of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds (ionic or covalent). Valence Electron - Correct Answer-Electrons in the outer energy level Metals - Correct Answer-They normally lose electrons during chemical reactions; Form positive ions. Non-metals - Correct Answer-They normally gain electrons during chemical reactions; Form negative ions. Ion - Correct Answer-An atom that has a positive or negative charge. Anion - Correct Answer-An ion with a negative charge. Formed by gaining electrons Cation - Correct Answer-An ion with a positive charge. formed by losing electrons. Ionic compound - Correct Answer-A compound that is held together by the electrostatic attraction of cations and anions. Ionic bond - Correct Answer-attraction between two oppositely charged ions formed form the transfer of electrons. the electrons in the outer-most energy level - Correct Answer-valence electrons Electron configuration - Correct Answer-Arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom. (see pic for example) Group - Correct Answer-Vertical columns on the modern periodic table (there are 18) Period - Correct Answer-Horizontal rows on the periodic table of the elements. There are 7 The period number of the periodic table tells you... - Correct Answer-how many energy levels that an atom has. Atomic radii - Correct Answer-typical distance from the nucleus to the outer edge of the electron cloud Inert - Correct Answer-non-reactive 2H₂ ⁺ O₂ → 2H₂O Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, or Double Replacement - Correct Answer-Synthesis CaCO₃ →CaO + CO₂ Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, or Double Replacement - Correct Answer-Decomposition Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂ Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, or Double Replacement - Correct Answer-Single replacement AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃