PHSL2101 BLOOD CONTENT COMPLETE EXAM VERIFIED 2025

What are the 3 types of specialised cellular components? - Correct Ans-1. Red Cells (erythrocytes) 2. White Cells (leukocytes) 3. Platelets What are the 3 types of plasma proteins? - Correct Ans-1. Albumin 2. Globulin 3. Fibrinogens What are the 3 granular leukocytes? - Correct Ans-1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils What are the 2 agranular leukocytes? - Correct Ans-1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes (smallest) How do granular leukocytes have multi lobed nuclei? - Correct Ans-Cytoplasm has a grady appearance because it contains many granules. 3 characteristics of granulocytes? - Correct Ans-1. Formed in bone marrow. 2. Protect the body against invading organisms (phagocytosis) 3. Live 4-8hrs in circulating blood & 4-5 days in tissues. 3 traits of neutrophils? - Correct Ans-1. Chemotaxic 2. Few hours from the start of infection there can be a fivefold increase in no. of neutrophils - neutrophilia. 3. Substances produced by inflamed tissues enter the bloodstream & can be transported to bone marrow where the mobilise stored neutrophils into circulating blood. 3 traits of Eosinophils? - Correct Ans-1. 1-4% of white blood cells. 2. Attach to parasites & release toxic substances from their granules. 3. Phagocytic 4 traits of Basophils? - Correct Ans-1. Least numerous 2. Non-phagocytic 3. Release toxic molecules that damage invaders. 4. Release histamine, heparin and other chemicals into blood which contribute to allergic reactions. 3 traits of monocytes and macrophages? - Correct Ans-1. Mono. spend 10-20hrs in blood in transit to target tissue. 2. In tissues, they become tissue macrophages - phagocytic. 3. Important first line of defence. Where do lymphocytes originate? - Correct Ans-lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow. Life span 100-300 days. What do B lymphocytes produce? - Correct Ans-Antibodies against antigens and this leads to the destruction of the pathogen What do T lymphocytes do? - Correct Ans-Cell-mediated immunity. Do not produce antibodies. 3 diseases involving white blood cells? - Correct Ans-1. Glandular fever 2. Leukopenia OR agranulocytosis 3. Leukaemia What is a hematocrit measuring and what is its normal value? - Correct Ans-The percentage of blood that is composed of red blood cells only. It is usually around 45%. An elevated leukocyte count is indicative of infection. What procedure would give a physician a better guess at what type of infection? - Correct Ans-A differential white blood cell count. a) What is the most abundant class of white cell? b) What type of white cell would be elevated in an asthma attack? c) Which types of leukocytes are phagocytes? d) Which type of leukocyte defends against parasitic infection? e) Which type of leukocyte secretes heparin? - Correct Ans-a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes d) eosinophils e) basophils What are the 5 developmental stages of red blood cells? - Correct Ans-Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte How is erythropoiesis regulated? - Correct Ans-Tissue oxygenation. Any reduction of oxygen being transported to the tissue will increase RED blood cell production. What are the five factors decreasing oxygenation? - Correct Ans-1. Haemorrhage 2. Destruction of bone marrow. 3. High altitudes due to low atmospheric oxygen. 4. Diseases of circulation. 5. Pulmonary disease. What is the role of erythropoiesis? - Correct Ans-Production of cells continues as long as person remains hypoxic or until enough red cells are produced. What are the requirements of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid? - Correct Ans-Require the formation of thymidine phosphate - essential for building blocks of DNA. What occurs if there is a lack of either one of these? - Correct Ans-Diminish DNA and cause failure of nuclear maturation and divisions. - FEWER erythrocytes are produced. How is vitamin B12 absorbed? - Correct Ans-Intestine bound to an intrinsic factor - glycoprotein released by cells in the stomach. Where is vitamin B12 absorbed? - Correct Ans-**Terminal ileum** through a receptor mediated process. Then is stored in large quantities in the liver and slowly released to bone marrow and other tissues of the body. How is IRON absorbed? - Correct Ans-- Transferrin is secreted by enterocytes into the lumen of the small intestine - Transferrin binds iron - Transferrin-iron complex binds receptor - Taken into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis - Some iron is stored in enterocytes as ferritin - Some iron is transported into blood: bound to transferrin What is transferrin? - Correct Ans-iron transport protein What is ferritin? - Correct Ans-storage form of iron in the liver What is apoferritin? - Correct Ans-Ferritin without iron in the liver What occurs if the supply of iron in diet drops? - Correct Ans-Stored iron is released from ferritin, binds to transferrom and carried in plasma to wherever its required. How are erythrocytes destructed? - Correct Ans-Old red cells are destroyed in the spleen - rupture trying to squeeze through the red pulp. What us nutritional anemia? - Correct Ans-Flow and reproduction of bone marrow and fewer red cells are produced. Larger than normal w/ dd shape. MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA. What is pernicious anaemia? - Correct Ans-Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells in the stomach, leading to loss of intrinsic factor and thus inability to take up vitamin B12. What is haemorrhagic anaemia? - Correct Ans-Rapid haemorrhage, plasma volume is replaced within one or two days, leaving a low concentration of red cells. What is aplastic anaemia? - Correct Ans-Deficiency of all types of blood cell caused by failure of bone marrow development.