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Free speech, freedom of petition, freedom of religion, freedom of the press,
redress
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1 Pre-Assault Indicators 2 Legislative Branch
Common Restrictions in Agency Use
3 1st Amendment 4
of Force Policy
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Terms in this set (197)
,Graham v. Connor (1989) Recognized that the right to make an arrest or investigatory
stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree
of physical coercion/threat to affect it.
In the course of an arrest or stop is properly analyzed by
Fourth Amendment's 'objective reasonableness' standard
Graham Factors Severity of crime
Whether suspect poses an immediate threat
Whether suspect is actively resisting arrest
Attempting to evade arrest by flight
Additional factors considered # of suspects/# of officers
when applying standard of Size, age, condition of officer/suspect
Graham v. Connor that may
Duration of action
govern the reasonableness of
using force Whether force applied resulted in injury
Previous violent history known to officer at time
Use of alcohol/drugs
Suspect's mental history known to officer at time
Presence of innocent bystanders Availability of
officer weapons
Range of Reasonableness Officer responses range from:
Hesitation---------------Aggressive
Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Supreme Court stated it is not reasonable to shoot an unarmed non-
dangerous fleeing suspect.
Probable cause
Threat
Officer not obligated to wait until death or serious bodily harm
Key Elements of
is occurring
Tennessee v. Garner
If based on totality of circumstance and the officer
perceives a threat of such action, a reasonable force
option may be used
, Pre-Assault Indicators Verbal aggression
Change in posture
Face becomes red, showing teeth, breathing faster
Individual ignores you or stares through you
Aggression
Hands tighten
Individual becomes rigid
Chin tucked
Common Restrictions in Use of warning shots
Agency Use of Force Use of maximum force
Policy Moving vehicles
Exhausting lesser means of force first
Physiological Changes Pounding heart
triggered when faced with a Muscle tension
threat
Rapid, shallow breathing
Nausea
Dizziness
Dry mouth
Diminished sound
Tunnel vision
Slow motion time
Memory loss
Memory distortion
Tunnel Vision Loss of peripheral vision
Heightened Visual Clarity Clear picture of details you ordinarily might not notice/remember
Hearing Distortions Total loss of hearing, to muffled or distant
Time Distortion Things seem to speed up or slow down
Cognitive/Behavioral Automatic Behavior
Changes triggered when Memory Gaps
faced with a threat Intrusive Thoughts