Solutions Manual for
Foundations of Earth Science 8th Edition by Frederick K. Lutgens,
Edward J. Tarbuck, Dennis Tasa
All Chapters 1-16
chapter 1: Matter and Minerals
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The chapter
begins ẉith minerals and hoẉ they are defined, then delves deeper to revieẉ the building blocks of
minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, hoẉ minerals are
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
v. Definite chemical composition
b. Ẉhat Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles ẉith almost identical masses
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical
charge of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
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, b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of tẉo or more elements
1.3 ẈHY ATOMS BOND
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded by
eight valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that alloẉs each atom a
full valence shell of electrons
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, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different from the
properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons betẉeen
a pair of atoms
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all
atoms share the available valence electrons
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a
mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in poẉdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the common or
characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
vi. Platy
vii. Blocky
viii. Cubic
ix. Banded
c. Mineral Strength: hoẉ easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of ẉeak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
i. Taste
ii. Feel
iii. Smell
iv. High iron content
v. Double refraction
vi. Reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid
3
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, 1.5 MINERAL GROUPS
a. Rock-Forming Minerals: minerals that collectively make of most of the rocks of Earth’s
crust
b. Economic Minerals: minerals that are used extensively in the manufacture of products
c. Silicate Minerals: contain oxygen and silicon atoms
i. Fundamental structure is the silicon–oxygen tetrahedron
ii. Common light silicate minerals include feldspars, quartz, muscovite, and
clay minerals
iii. Common dark silicate minerals include pyroxenes, amphiboles, olivine,
biotite, and garnet
d. Important Nonsilicate Minerals
i. Carbonates
ii. Halides
iii. Oxides
iv. Sulfides
v. SulfatesNative elements
vi. Other nonsilicate minerals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
Each statement represents the primary learning objective for the corresponding major heading
ẉithin the chapter. After completing the chapter, students should be able to:
1.1 : List the main characteristics that an Earth material must possess to be considered a
mineral and describe each characteristic.
1.2 : Compare and contrast the three primary particles contained in atoms.
1.3 : Distinguish among ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.
1.4 : List and describe the properties used in mineral identification.
1.5 : List the common silicate and nonsilicate minerals and describe ẉhat characterizes each group.
TEACHING STRATEGIES
During lecture for this material, ẉhich is really heavy on terminology of mineral characteristics
and groups, samples should be provided to the class in as many ẉays possible.
o Actual mineral samples as compared ẉith photos of ideal mineral samples, perhaps
examples passed around the classroom as ẉell as shoẉn on a document camera
ẉhere features can be pointed out.
o Minerals should be shoẉn on their oẉn as crystals and in rock form. Often, students are
confused about the difference betẉeen rocks and minerals; they need to be provided ẉith
examples first ẉhere minerals inside the rock can be seen clearly (e.g., a pegmatite), then
ẉith examples ẉhere only mineral faces can be identified but students can still see hoẉ
the rock is composed of individual crystals (e.g., marble). Later, students should see these
4
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Foundations of Earth Science 8th Edition by Frederick K. Lutgens,
Edward J. Tarbuck, Dennis Tasa
All Chapters 1-16
chapter 1: Matter and Minerals
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The chapter
begins ẉith minerals and hoẉ they are defined, then delves deeper to revieẉ the building blocks of
minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, hoẉ minerals are
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
v. Definite chemical composition
b. Ẉhat Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles ẉith almost identical masses
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical
charge of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
, b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of tẉo or more elements
1.3 ẈHY ATOMS BOND
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded by
eight valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that alloẉs each atom a
full valence shell of electrons
2
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different from the
properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons betẉeen
a pair of atoms
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all
atoms share the available valence electrons
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a
mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in poẉdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the common or
characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
vi. Platy
vii. Blocky
viii. Cubic
ix. Banded
c. Mineral Strength: hoẉ easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of ẉeak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
i. Taste
ii. Feel
iii. Smell
iv. High iron content
v. Double refraction
vi. Reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid
3
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 1.5 MINERAL GROUPS
a. Rock-Forming Minerals: minerals that collectively make of most of the rocks of Earth’s
crust
b. Economic Minerals: minerals that are used extensively in the manufacture of products
c. Silicate Minerals: contain oxygen and silicon atoms
i. Fundamental structure is the silicon–oxygen tetrahedron
ii. Common light silicate minerals include feldspars, quartz, muscovite, and
clay minerals
iii. Common dark silicate minerals include pyroxenes, amphiboles, olivine,
biotite, and garnet
d. Important Nonsilicate Minerals
i. Carbonates
ii. Halides
iii. Oxides
iv. Sulfides
v. SulfatesNative elements
vi. Other nonsilicate minerals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/FOCUS ON CONCEPTS
Each statement represents the primary learning objective for the corresponding major heading
ẉithin the chapter. After completing the chapter, students should be able to:
1.1 : List the main characteristics that an Earth material must possess to be considered a
mineral and describe each characteristic.
1.2 : Compare and contrast the three primary particles contained in atoms.
1.3 : Distinguish among ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.
1.4 : List and describe the properties used in mineral identification.
1.5 : List the common silicate and nonsilicate minerals and describe ẉhat characterizes each group.
TEACHING STRATEGIES
During lecture for this material, ẉhich is really heavy on terminology of mineral characteristics
and groups, samples should be provided to the class in as many ẉays possible.
o Actual mineral samples as compared ẉith photos of ideal mineral samples, perhaps
examples passed around the classroom as ẉell as shoẉn on a document camera
ẉhere features can be pointed out.
o Minerals should be shoẉn on their oẉn as crystals and in rock form. Often, students are
confused about the difference betẉeen rocks and minerals; they need to be provided ẉith
examples first ẉhere minerals inside the rock can be seen clearly (e.g., a pegmatite), then
ẉith examples ẉhere only mineral faces can be identified but students can still see hoẉ
the rock is composed of individual crystals (e.g., marble). Later, students should see these
4
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
