REVIEW EXAM #3
1. Define
a. Involuntary- cardiac and smooth muscle
b. Voluntary- skeletal muscle
c. Endomysium- separates individual muscle fibers from one another- contains small nerve
fibers and capillaries, and myosatellite (supportive) cells
d. Perimysium- surrounds numerous bundles of muscle fibers and contain nerves & blood
vessels for the muscle tissue
e. Epimysium- the outermost layer that separates the muscle from other organs- surrounds
the entire muscle
f. Sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle cell (muscle fiber)
g. Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
h. Myoglobin- oxygen binding pigment in muscle; red pigment that stores oxygen until its
needed for ATP production
i. T-tubules- or transverse; tunnels running in from the plasma membrane down into the
muscle fiber; the muscle action potentials travel down the T tubules
j. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- membranous sacs which encircle each myofibril, stores calcium
ions and the release of calcium ions triggers muscle contractions
k. Depolarization- change of voltage or charge of plasma membrane which leads to action
potential that travels to the t tubules
l. Action potential- a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting
membrane potential
m. Thin filament (3)- made out of actin, consists of two strands of actin subunits (looks loke
cells) twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins ( troponin and
tropomyosin)
n. Thick filament (1)- made out of myosin, consists of many myosin molecules whose heads
protrude at opposite ends of the filament
o. Sarcomere- the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
p. Synaptic vesicles- sac-like structures in neurons that store neurotransmitter molecules
before releasing them into the synapse in response to electrical signaling within the cell
q. Troponin-Ca complex-
r. Cross bridge formation- attachment of myosin with actin within the muscle cell
s. Tendon- connects muscle to bone
t. Ligament- connects bone to bone
u. Agonist- also called prime movers; major responsibility for producing specific movements
v. Antagonist- oppose or reverses particular movement
w. Synergist- helps prime movers; adds extra force to same movement and reduces
undesirable or unnecessary movement
x. Rigor mortis- hardening of muscles and stiffening of the body that begins 3-4 hrs after
death
2. Types of muscles (3)- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
1. Define
a. Involuntary- cardiac and smooth muscle
b. Voluntary- skeletal muscle
c. Endomysium- separates individual muscle fibers from one another- contains small nerve
fibers and capillaries, and myosatellite (supportive) cells
d. Perimysium- surrounds numerous bundles of muscle fibers and contain nerves & blood
vessels for the muscle tissue
e. Epimysium- the outermost layer that separates the muscle from other organs- surrounds
the entire muscle
f. Sarcolemma- plasma membrane of a muscle cell (muscle fiber)
g. Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
h. Myoglobin- oxygen binding pigment in muscle; red pigment that stores oxygen until its
needed for ATP production
i. T-tubules- or transverse; tunnels running in from the plasma membrane down into the
muscle fiber; the muscle action potentials travel down the T tubules
j. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- membranous sacs which encircle each myofibril, stores calcium
ions and the release of calcium ions triggers muscle contractions
k. Depolarization- change of voltage or charge of plasma membrane which leads to action
potential that travels to the t tubules
l. Action potential- a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting
membrane potential
m. Thin filament (3)- made out of actin, consists of two strands of actin subunits (looks loke
cells) twisted into a helix plus two types of regulatory proteins ( troponin and
tropomyosin)
n. Thick filament (1)- made out of myosin, consists of many myosin molecules whose heads
protrude at opposite ends of the filament
o. Sarcomere- the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
p. Synaptic vesicles- sac-like structures in neurons that store neurotransmitter molecules
before releasing them into the synapse in response to electrical signaling within the cell
q. Troponin-Ca complex-
r. Cross bridge formation- attachment of myosin with actin within the muscle cell
s. Tendon- connects muscle to bone
t. Ligament- connects bone to bone
u. Agonist- also called prime movers; major responsibility for producing specific movements
v. Antagonist- oppose or reverses particular movement
w. Synergist- helps prime movers; adds extra force to same movement and reduces
undesirable or unnecessary movement
x. Rigor mortis- hardening of muscles and stiffening of the body that begins 3-4 hrs after
death
2. Types of muscles (3)- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
