1
Beatriz Victoria Madeleine Peeters
IE University
Segovia Campus L.L.B. & B.I.R. Second Year
Course: European Union Law
Academic Year 23/24
IE University. European Union Law.
Charlotte Leskinen
EUROPEAN UNION LAW
Midterm Notes.
Historical and Legal Background
Representative and Political Decision-Making and Democratic Deficit
Access to Justice and Legal Compliance
Judicial System, Legal Compliance and Legal Remedy
Human Rights, Rule of Law and Independence of Judiciary
International Trade and International Development
Economic Globalization, Free Trade and Transboundary Cooperation
Citizenship, Migration, Equality and Social Assistance
Freedom of Establishment
Freedom to Provide Services
Monetary Policy and Investment
Brexit and Future Membership
, 2
Historical and Legal Background....................................................................................................... 11
First Key Developments................................................................................................................ 11
I. Context: the aftermath of the Second World War.................................................................. 11
II. The Schuman Declaration.................................................................................................... 11
III. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)............................................................ 12
IV. Failure of the European Defence Community and European Political Community........... 12
V. The Spaak Report................................................................................................................. 13
VI. The European Atomic Energy Community (EUROATOM).............................................. 13
VII. The European Economic Community (EEC).................................................................... 13
Key Trends..................................................................................................................................... 13
I. Enlargements......................................................................................................................... 13
II. Increased Competencies....................................................................................................... 14
Creation Of The European Union.......................................................................................16
Supranationalism vs Intergovernmentalism............................................................................... 18
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 18
Political Institutions............................................................................................................................. 19
Separation of Powers.....................................................................................................................19
EU Institutions.......................................................................................................................... 19
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 22
Competences and Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality.................................................. 24
Competences of the EU................................................................................................................. 24
The Existence of EU Competences...........................................................................................25
Limits to the Exercise of the EU’s Competence…................................................................... 26
Principle of Subsidiarity............................................................................................................... 26
Principle of Proportionality.......................................................................................................... 27
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 28
Decision-Making and Legal Instruments...........................................................................................29
Sources and Hierarchy of Union Law..........................................................................................29
Primary Sources of EU Law..................................................................................................... 29
General Principles of Union Law..............................................................................................29
Secondary Sources.................................................................................................................... 30
Case Law of the Court of Justice.............................................................................................. 30
International Agreements..........................................................................................................30
Secondary Legislation...............................................................................................................30
Hierarchy of Norms.................................................................................................................. 31
Procedure(s) for Treaty Revision................................................................................................. 31
The Ordinary Revision Procedure. Art. 48.2-.5 TEU............................................................... 31
Adoption of Secondary Legislation.............................................................................................. 32
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure. Art. 294 TFEU........................................................ 32
Qualified Majority under the Lisbon Formula..........................................................................33
The Consultation Procedure......................................................................................................33
The Consent Procedure............................................................................................................. 33
Enhanced Cooperation.............................................................................................................. 34
Legal Basis................................................................................................................................34
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
, 3
Art. 46 TFEU............................................................................................................................ 34
Centre-of-Gravity Test.............................................................................................................. 34
Case C-43/12 Commission v Council and Parliament..............................................................35
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 35
Supremacy............................................................................................................................................ 36
Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos............................................................................................36
Effects of EU Law in the National Legal System........................................................................... 36
Main Issues to Consider............................................................................................................37
Supremacy....................................................................................................................................... 37
Case 6/64 Costa.................................................................................................................. 37
Scope of Supremacy..................................................................................................................38
Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft.................................................................. 38
The Practical Consequence of the Supremacy of EU Law....................................................... 38
Case 106/77 Simmenthal....................................................................................................38
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 38
Direct Effect — The General Principle.............................................................................................. 40
Main Issues to Consider.................................................................................................................. 40
Direct Effect.................................................................................................................................... 40
Van Gend en Loos..................................................................................................................... 40
Vertical Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions......................................................................................40
Horizontal Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions.................................................................................41
Case 36/74 Walrave............................................................................................................ 41
Case 43/75 Defrenne vs Sabena......................................................................................... 42
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 42
Direct Effect of Directives....................................................................................................................43
Direct Effect of Regulations............................................................................................................ 43
Vertical Direct Effect of Directives................................................................................................. 43
Case 41/74 Van Duyn......................................................................................................... 43
Case 148/78 Ratti............................................................................................................... 43
Indirect Effect.................................................................................................................................. 44
Case C-106/89 Marleasing................................................................................................. 44
Direct Effect of Directives and General Principes of Law....................................................... 45
Case C-555/07 Kücükdeveci.............................................................................................. 45
Direct Effect of Decisions............................................................................................................... 45
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 46
Contrasting the Principles of Direct Effect and Supremacy............................................................ 47
Direct Effect.................................................................................................................................... 47
Identification of Issues in Cases...................................................................................................... 47
Problem-Solving....................................................................................................................... 47
Direct Effect Considerations........................................................................................................... 48
Supremacy Considerations.............................................................................................................. 48
Some Controversial Rulings:.................................................................................................... 49
Ruling by the Czech Constitutional Court on the CJEU’s Landtová Judgement............... 49
Ruling by the Danish Supreme Court on the CJEU’s Ajos Judgement..............................49
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
, 4
PSPP Ruling by the German Federal Constitutional Court................................................49
Supremacy Considerations........................................................................................................49
K 3/21 Ruling by the Polish Constitutional Court..............................................................49
Possible Solutions to Ensure the Effectiveness of the Principle of Supremacy........................50
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 50
State Liability....................................................................................................................................... 52
As A Matter of Principle................................................................................................................. 52
New Remedy................................................................................................................................... 52
Conditions for State Liability.......................................................................................................... 52
Joined Cases C-46-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur................................................................. 52
Breaches Giving Rise to State Liability.......................................................................................... 53
Sufficiently Serious Breach...................................................................................................... 53
Rules Governing the Action............................................................................................................ 54
Extent of Reparation........................................................................................................................54
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 54
Action for Damages..............................................................................................................................55
Non-Contractual Liability................................................................................................................55
Breaches Which Could Give Rise to Liability................................................................................ 55
Case 145/83 Adams............................................................................................................55
Bergaderm................................................................................................................................. 56
Conditions for Bringing an Action for Damages.............................................................................56
Breach of a Rule Conferring Rights on Individuals..................................................................56
A Sufficiently Serious Breach...................................................................................................56
Causal Link............................................................................................................................... 57
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 57
Preliminary Rulings............................................................................................................................. 58
The Court of Justice of the European Union................................................................................... 58
Enforcement of EU Law..................................................................................................................58
Preliminary Ruling Procedure......................................................................................................... 59
Issues to be Analysed...................................................................................................................... 60
What Questions Can Be Referred?..................................................................................................60
What is a Court or Tribunal?.....................................................................................................60
Case 246/80 Broekmeulen..................................................................................................60
Article 267 TFEU......................................................................................................................61
Discretion to Make a Reference...................................................................................................... 61
Case 166/73 Rheinmühlen I............................................................................................... 61
Case C-210/06 Cartesio......................................................................................................62
Duty to Refer................................................................................................................................... 62
Case 283/81 CILFIT...........................................................................................................62
What constitutes a court of last resort?..................................................................................... 62
Case C-99/00 Lyckeskog....................................................................................................62
Preliminary Ruling on Interpretation...............................................................................................63
Preliminary Ruling on Validity........................................................................................................63
Case 314/85 Foto-Frost...................................................................................................... 63
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
Beatriz Victoria Madeleine Peeters
IE University
Segovia Campus L.L.B. & B.I.R. Second Year
Course: European Union Law
Academic Year 23/24
IE University. European Union Law.
Charlotte Leskinen
EUROPEAN UNION LAW
Midterm Notes.
Historical and Legal Background
Representative and Political Decision-Making and Democratic Deficit
Access to Justice and Legal Compliance
Judicial System, Legal Compliance and Legal Remedy
Human Rights, Rule of Law and Independence of Judiciary
International Trade and International Development
Economic Globalization, Free Trade and Transboundary Cooperation
Citizenship, Migration, Equality and Social Assistance
Freedom of Establishment
Freedom to Provide Services
Monetary Policy and Investment
Brexit and Future Membership
, 2
Historical and Legal Background....................................................................................................... 11
First Key Developments................................................................................................................ 11
I. Context: the aftermath of the Second World War.................................................................. 11
II. The Schuman Declaration.................................................................................................... 11
III. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)............................................................ 12
IV. Failure of the European Defence Community and European Political Community........... 12
V. The Spaak Report................................................................................................................. 13
VI. The European Atomic Energy Community (EUROATOM).............................................. 13
VII. The European Economic Community (EEC).................................................................... 13
Key Trends..................................................................................................................................... 13
I. Enlargements......................................................................................................................... 13
II. Increased Competencies....................................................................................................... 14
Creation Of The European Union.......................................................................................16
Supranationalism vs Intergovernmentalism............................................................................... 18
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 18
Political Institutions............................................................................................................................. 19
Separation of Powers.....................................................................................................................19
EU Institutions.......................................................................................................................... 19
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 22
Competences and Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality.................................................. 24
Competences of the EU................................................................................................................. 24
The Existence of EU Competences...........................................................................................25
Limits to the Exercise of the EU’s Competence…................................................................... 26
Principle of Subsidiarity............................................................................................................... 26
Principle of Proportionality.......................................................................................................... 27
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 28
Decision-Making and Legal Instruments...........................................................................................29
Sources and Hierarchy of Union Law..........................................................................................29
Primary Sources of EU Law..................................................................................................... 29
General Principles of Union Law..............................................................................................29
Secondary Sources.................................................................................................................... 30
Case Law of the Court of Justice.............................................................................................. 30
International Agreements..........................................................................................................30
Secondary Legislation...............................................................................................................30
Hierarchy of Norms.................................................................................................................. 31
Procedure(s) for Treaty Revision................................................................................................. 31
The Ordinary Revision Procedure. Art. 48.2-.5 TEU............................................................... 31
Adoption of Secondary Legislation.............................................................................................. 32
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure. Art. 294 TFEU........................................................ 32
Qualified Majority under the Lisbon Formula..........................................................................33
The Consultation Procedure......................................................................................................33
The Consent Procedure............................................................................................................. 33
Enhanced Cooperation.............................................................................................................. 34
Legal Basis................................................................................................................................34
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
, 3
Art. 46 TFEU............................................................................................................................ 34
Centre-of-Gravity Test.............................................................................................................. 34
Case C-43/12 Commission v Council and Parliament..............................................................35
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 35
Supremacy............................................................................................................................................ 36
Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos............................................................................................36
Effects of EU Law in the National Legal System........................................................................... 36
Main Issues to Consider............................................................................................................37
Supremacy....................................................................................................................................... 37
Case 6/64 Costa.................................................................................................................. 37
Scope of Supremacy..................................................................................................................38
Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft.................................................................. 38
The Practical Consequence of the Supremacy of EU Law....................................................... 38
Case 106/77 Simmenthal....................................................................................................38
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 38
Direct Effect — The General Principle.............................................................................................. 40
Main Issues to Consider.................................................................................................................. 40
Direct Effect.................................................................................................................................... 40
Van Gend en Loos..................................................................................................................... 40
Vertical Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions......................................................................................40
Horizontal Direct Effect of Treaty Provisions.................................................................................41
Case 36/74 Walrave............................................................................................................ 41
Case 43/75 Defrenne vs Sabena......................................................................................... 42
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 42
Direct Effect of Directives....................................................................................................................43
Direct Effect of Regulations............................................................................................................ 43
Vertical Direct Effect of Directives................................................................................................. 43
Case 41/74 Van Duyn......................................................................................................... 43
Case 148/78 Ratti............................................................................................................... 43
Indirect Effect.................................................................................................................................. 44
Case C-106/89 Marleasing................................................................................................. 44
Direct Effect of Directives and General Principes of Law....................................................... 45
Case C-555/07 Kücükdeveci.............................................................................................. 45
Direct Effect of Decisions............................................................................................................... 45
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 46
Contrasting the Principles of Direct Effect and Supremacy............................................................ 47
Direct Effect.................................................................................................................................... 47
Identification of Issues in Cases...................................................................................................... 47
Problem-Solving....................................................................................................................... 47
Direct Effect Considerations........................................................................................................... 48
Supremacy Considerations.............................................................................................................. 48
Some Controversial Rulings:.................................................................................................... 49
Ruling by the Czech Constitutional Court on the CJEU’s Landtová Judgement............... 49
Ruling by the Danish Supreme Court on the CJEU’s Ajos Judgement..............................49
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
, 4
PSPP Ruling by the German Federal Constitutional Court................................................49
Supremacy Considerations........................................................................................................49
K 3/21 Ruling by the Polish Constitutional Court..............................................................49
Possible Solutions to Ensure the Effectiveness of the Principle of Supremacy........................50
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 50
State Liability....................................................................................................................................... 52
As A Matter of Principle................................................................................................................. 52
New Remedy................................................................................................................................... 52
Conditions for State Liability.......................................................................................................... 52
Joined Cases C-46-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur................................................................. 52
Breaches Giving Rise to State Liability.......................................................................................... 53
Sufficiently Serious Breach...................................................................................................... 53
Rules Governing the Action............................................................................................................ 54
Extent of Reparation........................................................................................................................54
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 54
Action for Damages..............................................................................................................................55
Non-Contractual Liability................................................................................................................55
Breaches Which Could Give Rise to Liability................................................................................ 55
Case 145/83 Adams............................................................................................................55
Bergaderm................................................................................................................................. 56
Conditions for Bringing an Action for Damages.............................................................................56
Breach of a Rule Conferring Rights on Individuals..................................................................56
A Sufficiently Serious Breach...................................................................................................56
Causal Link............................................................................................................................... 57
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 57
Preliminary Rulings............................................................................................................................. 58
The Court of Justice of the European Union................................................................................... 58
Enforcement of EU Law..................................................................................................................58
Preliminary Ruling Procedure......................................................................................................... 59
Issues to be Analysed...................................................................................................................... 60
What Questions Can Be Referred?..................................................................................................60
What is a Court or Tribunal?.....................................................................................................60
Case 246/80 Broekmeulen..................................................................................................60
Article 267 TFEU......................................................................................................................61
Discretion to Make a Reference...................................................................................................... 61
Case 166/73 Rheinmühlen I............................................................................................... 61
Case C-210/06 Cartesio......................................................................................................62
Duty to Refer................................................................................................................................... 62
Case 283/81 CILFIT...........................................................................................................62
What constitutes a court of last resort?..................................................................................... 62
Case C-99/00 Lyckeskog....................................................................................................62
Preliminary Ruling on Interpretation...............................................................................................63
Preliminary Ruling on Validity........................................................................................................63
Case 314/85 Foto-Frost...................................................................................................... 63
Concepts Names Work Legislation Moreover Body
