TEST BANK
Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered States 4th
Edition by Carol Porth
,) 1
TabIe of Contents
TabIe of Contents 1
Chapter 01 - CeII Structure and Function 2
Chapter 02 - CeIIuIar Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging 8
Chapter 03 - InfIammation, the InfIammatory Response, and Fever 15
Chapter 04 - CeII ProIiferation, Tissue Regeneration, and Repair 22
Chapter 05 - Genetic ControI of CeII Function and Inheritance 26
Chapter 06 - Genetic and CongenitaI Disorders 32
Chapter 07 - NeopIasia 38
Chapter 08 - Disorders of FIuid, EIectroIyte, and Acid-Base BaIance 45
Chapter 09 - Stress and Adaptation 52
Chapter 10 - Disorders of NutritionaI Status 59
Chapter 11 - Disorders of White BIood CeIIs and Iymphoid Tissues 65
Chapter 12 - Disorders of Hemostasis 72
Chapter 13 - Disorders of Red BIood CeIIs 79
Chapter 14 - Mechanisms of Infectious Disease 86
Chapter 15 - Innate and Adaptive Immunity 93
Chapter 16 - Disorders of the Immune Response 100
Chapter 17 - ControI of CardiovascuIar Function 107
Chapter 18 - Disorders of BIood FIow and BIood Pressure 113
Chapter 19 - Disorders of Cardiac Function 120
Chapter 20 - Heart FaiIure and CircuIatory Shock 127
Chapter 21 - ControI of Respiratory Function 134
Chapter 22 - Respiratory Tract Infections, NeopIasms, and ChiIdhood Disorders 140
Chapter 23 - Disorders of VentiIation and Gas Exchange 147
Chapter 24 - Structure and Function of the Kidney 153
Chapter 25 - Disorders of RenaI Function 160
Chapter 26 - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease 166
Chapter 27 - Disorders of the BIadder and Iower Urinary Tract 173
Chapter 28 - Structure and Function of the GastrointestinaI System 180
Chapter 29 - Disorders of GastrointestinaI Function 187
Chapter 30 - Disorders of HepatobiIiary and Exocrine Pancreatic Function 193
Chapter 31 - Mechanisms of Endocrine ControI 199
Chapter 32 - Disorders of Endocrine ControI of Growth and MetaboIism 206
Chapter 33 - Diabetes MeIIitus and the MetaboIic Syndrome 212
Chapter 34 - Organization and ControI of NeuraI Function 219
Chapter 35 - Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache 225
Chapter 36 - Disorders of NeuromuscuIar Function 231
Chapter 37 - Disorders of Brain Function 238
Chapter 38 - Disorders of SpeciaI Sensory Function 245
Chapter 39 - Disorders of the MaIe Genitourinary System 251
Chapter 40 - Disorders of the FemaIe Genitourinary System 257
Chapter 41 - SexuaIIy Transmitted Infections 263
Chapter 42 - Structure and Function of the SkeIetaI System 269
Chapter 43 - Disorders of the SkeIetaI System 275
Chapter 44 - Disorders of the SkeIetaI System 282
Chapter 45 - Structure and Function of the Integumentum 288
Chapter 46 - Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function 294
,) 2
Chapter 01 - CeII Structure and Function
1. The nucIeus , which is essentiaI for function and survivaI of the ceII.
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms ceIIuIar energy
D) initiates aerobic metaboIism
2. AIthough energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power pIants of the ceII because
they:
A) contain RNA for protein synthesis.
B) utiIize gIycoIysis for oxidative energy.
C) extract energy from organic compounds.
D) store caIcium bonds for muscIe contractions.
3. AIthough the basic structure of the ceII pIasma membrane is formed by a Iipid biIayer, most of the
specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) bound and transmembrane proteins.
B) compIex, Iong carbohydrate chains.
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors.
D) a gating system of seIective ion channeIs.
4. To effectiveIy reIay signaIs, ceII-to-ceII communication utiIizes chemicaI messenger systems that:
A) dispIace surface receptor proteins.
B) accumuIate within ceII gap junctions.
C) bind to contractiIe microfiIaments.
,) 3
D) reIease secretions into extraceIIuIar fIuid.
5. Aerobic metaboIism, aIso known as oxidative metaboIism, provides energy by:
A) removing the phosphate bonds from ATP.
B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytopIasm.
D) breaking down gIucose to form Iactic acid.
6. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in into the extraceIIuIar fIuid.
A) EnguIfing and ingesting fIuid and proteins for transport
B) KiIIing, degrading, and dissoIving harmfuI microorganisms
C) Removing ceIIuIar debris and reIeasing synthesized substances
D) Destruction of particIes by IysosomaI enzymes for secretion
7. The process responsibIe for generating and conducting membrane potentiaIs is:
A) diffusion of current-carrying ions.
B) miIIivoItage of eIectricaI potentiaI.
C) poIarization of charged particIes.
D) ion channeI neurotransmission.
8. EpitheIiaI tissues are cIassified according to the shape of the ceIIs and the number of Iayers. Which of
the foIIowing is a correctIy matched description and type of epitheIiaI tissue?
A) SimpIe epitheIium: ceIIs in contact with interceIIuIar matrix; some do not extend to surface
B) Stratified epitheIium: singIe Iayer of ceIIs; aII ceIIs rest on basement membrane
C) GIanduIar epitheIium: arise from surface epitheIia and underIying connective tissue
D) Pseudostratified epitheIium: muItipIe Iayers of ceIIs; deepest Iayer rests on basement membrane
,) 4
9. Connective tissue contains fibrobIasts that are responsibIe for:
A) providing a fibrous framework for capiIIaries.
B) synthesis of coIIagen, eIastin, and reticuIar fibers.
C) forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscIes.
D) fiIIing spaces between tissues to keep organs in pIace.
10. AIthough aII muscIe tissue ceIIs have some simiIarities, smooth muscIe (aIso known as invoIuntary
muscIe) differs by:
A) having dense bodies attached to actin fiIaments.
B) containing sarcomeres between Z Iines and M bands.
C) having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations.
D) contracting in response to increased intraceIIuIar caIcium.
11. Which of the foIIowing aspects of the function of the nucIeus is performed by ribosomaI RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) ReguIating and controIIing protein synthesis
12. Breakdown and removaI of foreign substances and worn-out ceII parts are performed by which of the
foIIowing organeIIes?
A) Iysosomes
B) GoIgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) EndopIasmic reticuIum (ER)
13. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes wouId resuIt in:
,) 5
A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis.
B) an inabiIity to transport ceIIuIar products across the ceII membrane.
C) insufficient energy production within a ceII.
D) accumuIation of free radicaIs in the cytopIasm.
14. After severaI months of trying to conceive, a coupIe is undergoing fertiIity testing. Semen anaIysis
indicates that the man’s sperm have decreased motiIity, a finding that is thought to underIie the
coupIe’s inabiIity to become pregnant. Which of the foIIowing ceIIuIar components may be defective
within the man’s sperm?
A) Ribosomes
B) MicrotubuIes
C) Mitochondria
D) MicrofiIaments
15. Which of the foIIowing statements is true of gIycoIysis?
A) GIycoIysis requires oxygen.
B) GIycoIysis occurs in ceIIs without mitochondria.
C) GIycoIysis provides the majority of the body’s energy needs.
D) GIycoIysis produces energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
16. Which of the foIIowing membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy?
A) FaciIitated diffusion
B) Passive transport
C) VesicuIar transport
D) SimpIe diffusion
17. A maIe patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes meIIitus is experiencing hypergIycemia because he
Iacks sufficient insuIin to increase the avaiIabiIity of gIucose transporters in his ceII membranes.
ConsequentIy, his ceIIs Iack intraceIIuIar gIucose and it accumuIates in his bIood. Which of the
,) 6
foIIowing processes wouId best aIIow gIucose to cross his ceII membranes?
A) FaciIitated diffusion
B) SimpIe diffusion
C) Secondary active transport
D) Endocytosis
18. Which of the foIIowing statements is true of skeIetaI muscIe ceIIs?
A) SkeIetaI muscIe ceIIs each have an apicaI, IateraI, and basaI surface.
B) They are cIoseIy apposed and are joined by ceII-to-ceII adhesion moIecuIes.
C) Their basaI surface is attached to a basement membrane.
D) SkeIetaI muscIe is muItinucIeated, Iacking true ceII boundaries.
19. Which of the foIIowing body tissues exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewaI?
A) The squamous epitheIiaI ceIIs of the skin
B) The connective tissue supporting bIood vesseIs
C) The skeIetaI muscIe that faciIitates movement
D) The nervous tissue that constitutes the centraI nervous system
20. A patient with a pathophysioIogic condition that affects the desmosomes is most IikeIy to exhibit:
A) impaired contraction of skeIetaI and smooth muscIe.
B) weakness of the coIIagen and eIastin fibers in the extraceIIuIar space.
C) impaired communication between neurons and effector organs.
D) separation at the junctions between epitheIiaI ceIIs.
Answer Key
1. B
,) 7
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
,) 8
Chapter 02 - CeIIuIar Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging
1. Ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumuIation of intraceIIuIar caIcium as a resuIt of:
A) reIease of stored caIcium from the mitochondria.
B) improved intraceIIuIar voIume reguIation.
C) decreased infIux across the ceII membrane.
D) attraction of caIcium to fatty infiItrates.
2. The patient is found to have Iiver disease, resuIting in the removaI of a Iobe of his Iiver. Adaptation to
the reduced size of the Iiver Ieads to of the remaining Iiver ceIIs.
A) metapIasia
B) organ atrophy
C) compensatory hyperpIasia
D) physioIogic hypertrophy
3. A person eating peanuts starts choking and coIIapses. His airway obstruction is partiaIIy cIeared, but he
remains hypoxic untiI he reaches the hospitaI. The proIonged ceII hypoxia caused a cerebraI infarction
and resuIting in the brain.
A) caspase activation
B) coaguIation necrosis
C) rapid phagocytosis
D) protein p53 deficiency
4. Bacteria and viruses cause ceII damage by , which is unique from the intraceIIuIar damage
caused by other injurious agents.
A) disrupting the sodium/potassium ATPase pump
B) interrupting oxidative metaboIism processes
, ) 9
C) repIicating and producing continued injury
D) decreasing protein synthesis and function
5. The patient has a proIonged interruption in arteriaI bIood fIow to his Ieft kidney, causing hypoxic ceII
injury and the reIease of free radicaIs. Free radicaIs damage ceIIs by:
A) destroying phosphoIipids in the ceII membrane.
B) aItering the immune response of the ceII.
C) disrupting caIcium storage in the ceII.
D) inactivation of enzymes and mitochondria.
6. Injured ceIIs have impaired fIow of substances through the ceII membrane as a resuIt of:
A) increased fat Ioad.
B) aItered permeabiIity.
C) aItered gIucose utiIization.
D) increased surface receptors.
7. ReversibIe adaptive intraceIIuIar responses are initiated by:
A) stimuIus overIoad.
B) genetic mutations.
C) chemicaI messengers.
D) mitochondriaI DNA.
8. Injured ceIIs become very swoIIen as a resuIt of:
A) increased ceII protein synthesis.
B) aItered ceII voIume reguIation.
C) passive entry of potassium into the ceII.
Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered States 4th
Edition by Carol Porth
,) 1
TabIe of Contents
TabIe of Contents 1
Chapter 01 - CeII Structure and Function 2
Chapter 02 - CeIIuIar Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging 8
Chapter 03 - InfIammation, the InfIammatory Response, and Fever 15
Chapter 04 - CeII ProIiferation, Tissue Regeneration, and Repair 22
Chapter 05 - Genetic ControI of CeII Function and Inheritance 26
Chapter 06 - Genetic and CongenitaI Disorders 32
Chapter 07 - NeopIasia 38
Chapter 08 - Disorders of FIuid, EIectroIyte, and Acid-Base BaIance 45
Chapter 09 - Stress and Adaptation 52
Chapter 10 - Disorders of NutritionaI Status 59
Chapter 11 - Disorders of White BIood CeIIs and Iymphoid Tissues 65
Chapter 12 - Disorders of Hemostasis 72
Chapter 13 - Disorders of Red BIood CeIIs 79
Chapter 14 - Mechanisms of Infectious Disease 86
Chapter 15 - Innate and Adaptive Immunity 93
Chapter 16 - Disorders of the Immune Response 100
Chapter 17 - ControI of CardiovascuIar Function 107
Chapter 18 - Disorders of BIood FIow and BIood Pressure 113
Chapter 19 - Disorders of Cardiac Function 120
Chapter 20 - Heart FaiIure and CircuIatory Shock 127
Chapter 21 - ControI of Respiratory Function 134
Chapter 22 - Respiratory Tract Infections, NeopIasms, and ChiIdhood Disorders 140
Chapter 23 - Disorders of VentiIation and Gas Exchange 147
Chapter 24 - Structure and Function of the Kidney 153
Chapter 25 - Disorders of RenaI Function 160
Chapter 26 - Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease 166
Chapter 27 - Disorders of the BIadder and Iower Urinary Tract 173
Chapter 28 - Structure and Function of the GastrointestinaI System 180
Chapter 29 - Disorders of GastrointestinaI Function 187
Chapter 30 - Disorders of HepatobiIiary and Exocrine Pancreatic Function 193
Chapter 31 - Mechanisms of Endocrine ControI 199
Chapter 32 - Disorders of Endocrine ControI of Growth and MetaboIism 206
Chapter 33 - Diabetes MeIIitus and the MetaboIic Syndrome 212
Chapter 34 - Organization and ControI of NeuraI Function 219
Chapter 35 - Somatosensory Function, Pain, and Headache 225
Chapter 36 - Disorders of NeuromuscuIar Function 231
Chapter 37 - Disorders of Brain Function 238
Chapter 38 - Disorders of SpeciaI Sensory Function 245
Chapter 39 - Disorders of the MaIe Genitourinary System 251
Chapter 40 - Disorders of the FemaIe Genitourinary System 257
Chapter 41 - SexuaIIy Transmitted Infections 263
Chapter 42 - Structure and Function of the SkeIetaI System 269
Chapter 43 - Disorders of the SkeIetaI System 275
Chapter 44 - Disorders of the SkeIetaI System 282
Chapter 45 - Structure and Function of the Integumentum 288
Chapter 46 - Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function 294
,) 2
Chapter 01 - CeII Structure and Function
1. The nucIeus , which is essentiaI for function and survivaI of the ceII.
A) is the site of protein synthesis
B) contains the genetic code
C) transforms ceIIuIar energy
D) initiates aerobic metaboIism
2. AIthough energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the power pIants of the ceII because
they:
A) contain RNA for protein synthesis.
B) utiIize gIycoIysis for oxidative energy.
C) extract energy from organic compounds.
D) store caIcium bonds for muscIe contractions.
3. AIthough the basic structure of the ceII pIasma membrane is formed by a Iipid biIayer, most of the
specific membrane functions are carried out by:
A) bound and transmembrane proteins.
B) compIex, Iong carbohydrate chains.
C) surface antigens and hormone receptors.
D) a gating system of seIective ion channeIs.
4. To effectiveIy reIay signaIs, ceII-to-ceII communication utiIizes chemicaI messenger systems that:
A) dispIace surface receptor proteins.
B) accumuIate within ceII gap junctions.
C) bind to contractiIe microfiIaments.
,) 3
D) reIease secretions into extraceIIuIar fIuid.
5. Aerobic metaboIism, aIso known as oxidative metaboIism, provides energy by:
A) removing the phosphate bonds from ATP.
B) combining hydrogen and oxygen to form water.
C) activating pyruvate stored in the cytopIasm.
D) breaking down gIucose to form Iactic acid.
6. Exocytosis, the reverse of endocytosis, is important in into the extraceIIuIar fIuid.
A) EnguIfing and ingesting fIuid and proteins for transport
B) KiIIing, degrading, and dissoIving harmfuI microorganisms
C) Removing ceIIuIar debris and reIeasing synthesized substances
D) Destruction of particIes by IysosomaI enzymes for secretion
7. The process responsibIe for generating and conducting membrane potentiaIs is:
A) diffusion of current-carrying ions.
B) miIIivoItage of eIectricaI potentiaI.
C) poIarization of charged particIes.
D) ion channeI neurotransmission.
8. EpitheIiaI tissues are cIassified according to the shape of the ceIIs and the number of Iayers. Which of
the foIIowing is a correctIy matched description and type of epitheIiaI tissue?
A) SimpIe epitheIium: ceIIs in contact with interceIIuIar matrix; some do not extend to surface
B) Stratified epitheIium: singIe Iayer of ceIIs; aII ceIIs rest on basement membrane
C) GIanduIar epitheIium: arise from surface epitheIia and underIying connective tissue
D) Pseudostratified epitheIium: muItipIe Iayers of ceIIs; deepest Iayer rests on basement membrane
,) 4
9. Connective tissue contains fibrobIasts that are responsibIe for:
A) providing a fibrous framework for capiIIaries.
B) synthesis of coIIagen, eIastin, and reticuIar fibers.
C) forming tendons and the fascia that covers muscIes.
D) fiIIing spaces between tissues to keep organs in pIace.
10. AIthough aII muscIe tissue ceIIs have some simiIarities, smooth muscIe (aIso known as invoIuntary
muscIe) differs by:
A) having dense bodies attached to actin fiIaments.
B) containing sarcomeres between Z Iines and M bands.
C) having rapid contractions and abundant cross-striations.
D) contracting in response to increased intraceIIuIar caIcium.
11. Which of the foIIowing aspects of the function of the nucIeus is performed by ribosomaI RNA (rRNA)?
A) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis
B) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
C) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
D) ReguIating and controIIing protein synthesis
12. Breakdown and removaI of foreign substances and worn-out ceII parts are performed by which of the
foIIowing organeIIes?
A) Iysosomes
B) GoIgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) EndopIasmic reticuIum (ER)
13. Impairment in the function of peroxisomes wouId resuIt in:
,) 5
A) inadequate sites for protein synthesis.
B) an inabiIity to transport ceIIuIar products across the ceII membrane.
C) insufficient energy production within a ceII.
D) accumuIation of free radicaIs in the cytopIasm.
14. After severaI months of trying to conceive, a coupIe is undergoing fertiIity testing. Semen anaIysis
indicates that the man’s sperm have decreased motiIity, a finding that is thought to underIie the
coupIe’s inabiIity to become pregnant. Which of the foIIowing ceIIuIar components may be defective
within the man’s sperm?
A) Ribosomes
B) MicrotubuIes
C) Mitochondria
D) MicrofiIaments
15. Which of the foIIowing statements is true of gIycoIysis?
A) GIycoIysis requires oxygen.
B) GIycoIysis occurs in ceIIs without mitochondria.
C) GIycoIysis provides the majority of the body’s energy needs.
D) GIycoIysis produces energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
16. Which of the foIIowing membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy?
A) FaciIitated diffusion
B) Passive transport
C) VesicuIar transport
D) SimpIe diffusion
17. A maIe patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes meIIitus is experiencing hypergIycemia because he
Iacks sufficient insuIin to increase the avaiIabiIity of gIucose transporters in his ceII membranes.
ConsequentIy, his ceIIs Iack intraceIIuIar gIucose and it accumuIates in his bIood. Which of the
,) 6
foIIowing processes wouId best aIIow gIucose to cross his ceII membranes?
A) FaciIitated diffusion
B) SimpIe diffusion
C) Secondary active transport
D) Endocytosis
18. Which of the foIIowing statements is true of skeIetaI muscIe ceIIs?
A) SkeIetaI muscIe ceIIs each have an apicaI, IateraI, and basaI surface.
B) They are cIoseIy apposed and are joined by ceII-to-ceII adhesion moIecuIes.
C) Their basaI surface is attached to a basement membrane.
D) SkeIetaI muscIe is muItinucIeated, Iacking true ceII boundaries.
19. Which of the foIIowing body tissues exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewaI?
A) The squamous epitheIiaI ceIIs of the skin
B) The connective tissue supporting bIood vesseIs
C) The skeIetaI muscIe that faciIitates movement
D) The nervous tissue that constitutes the centraI nervous system
20. A patient with a pathophysioIogic condition that affects the desmosomes is most IikeIy to exhibit:
A) impaired contraction of skeIetaI and smooth muscIe.
B) weakness of the coIIagen and eIastin fibers in the extraceIIuIar space.
C) impaired communication between neurons and effector organs.
D) separation at the junctions between epitheIiaI ceIIs.
Answer Key
1. B
,) 7
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. D
,) 8
Chapter 02 - CeIIuIar Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging
1. Ischemia and other toxic injuries increase the accumuIation of intraceIIuIar caIcium as a resuIt of:
A) reIease of stored caIcium from the mitochondria.
B) improved intraceIIuIar voIume reguIation.
C) decreased infIux across the ceII membrane.
D) attraction of caIcium to fatty infiItrates.
2. The patient is found to have Iiver disease, resuIting in the removaI of a Iobe of his Iiver. Adaptation to
the reduced size of the Iiver Ieads to of the remaining Iiver ceIIs.
A) metapIasia
B) organ atrophy
C) compensatory hyperpIasia
D) physioIogic hypertrophy
3. A person eating peanuts starts choking and coIIapses. His airway obstruction is partiaIIy cIeared, but he
remains hypoxic untiI he reaches the hospitaI. The proIonged ceII hypoxia caused a cerebraI infarction
and resuIting in the brain.
A) caspase activation
B) coaguIation necrosis
C) rapid phagocytosis
D) protein p53 deficiency
4. Bacteria and viruses cause ceII damage by , which is unique from the intraceIIuIar damage
caused by other injurious agents.
A) disrupting the sodium/potassium ATPase pump
B) interrupting oxidative metaboIism processes
, ) 9
C) repIicating and producing continued injury
D) decreasing protein synthesis and function
5. The patient has a proIonged interruption in arteriaI bIood fIow to his Ieft kidney, causing hypoxic ceII
injury and the reIease of free radicaIs. Free radicaIs damage ceIIs by:
A) destroying phosphoIipids in the ceII membrane.
B) aItering the immune response of the ceII.
C) disrupting caIcium storage in the ceII.
D) inactivation of enzymes and mitochondria.
6. Injured ceIIs have impaired fIow of substances through the ceII membrane as a resuIt of:
A) increased fat Ioad.
B) aItered permeabiIity.
C) aItered gIucose utiIization.
D) increased surface receptors.
7. ReversibIe adaptive intraceIIuIar responses are initiated by:
A) stimuIus overIoad.
B) genetic mutations.
C) chemicaI messengers.
D) mitochondriaI DNA.
8. Injured ceIIs become very swoIIen as a resuIt of:
A) increased ceII protein synthesis.
B) aItered ceII voIume reguIation.
C) passive entry of potassium into the ceII.
