NUSCTX 10 MIDTERM #2 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Biotin (B7) - Answer--avidin in raw eggs destroys biotin (denatures it with heat)
-found in liver, egg yolk, yogurt, nuts
-functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism
-Catalyzes, Carbohydrate reactions which add Co2 to metabolize certain amino
acids
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - Answer--converted into pyridoxal phosphate which is
required for many enzyme reactions
-comprises a group of compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine
-all 3 forms can be converted into pyridoxal phosphate
-CHICKEN
-Toxicity: nerve damage
-anemia
Pyridoxal Phosphate - Answer-- is required for many enzyme reactions in the body
Anemia - Answer--Vitamin B6 deficiency
- impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues
-toxicity from supplements can cause irreversible nerve damage
Folate (B9), 2 - Answer--needed for DNA synthesis and the metabolism of some
amino acids
-low folate intake in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural
tube defects
-low folate intake has been associated with an increased risk of heart disease related
to the metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine
-LENTILS
-mactocytic anemia (cells can't divide)
Homocysteine - Answer--high levels of this in the blood system increases risk of
CVD
-if vitamin B6 is deficient homocysteine cannot be converted to cysteine, so levels
rise
-if folate or vitamin B12 is deficient homocysteine cannot be converted to methionine,
so levels rise
Macrocytic Anemia - Answer--folate deficiency
-cells unable to divide (megaloblast) results in macrocyte
-can also cause neural tube defiects
Vitamin B12, 1 - Answer--necessary for the proper absorption of iron in the body
-most readily absorbed from animal products
-Vegan diets need to be supplemented with readily-absorbable forms of B12
, -Atrophic gastritis may lead to B12 deficiencies
-bound to protein
-CHICKEN
-Folic acid intake can mask B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia - Answer-form of anemia that does not respond to iron
supplementation
Vitamin C (aka ascorbic acid or ascorbate), 3 - Answer--can be destroyed by
oxygen, light and heat, as well as contact with copper or iron cookware
-functions as an antioxidant in the body, helps maintain the immune system, is
important in the production of collagen and aids in iron absorption
-create strong, healthy cross linked connectve tissue
-neutralizes free radicals so they can no longer damage molecules such as DNA
-upper limit is 2000mg
-does not treat common cold
-KIWI, ORANGE JUICE
Scurvy - Answer-vitamin C deficiency
Obesity - Answer--Disorder of body fat (excess body fat)
-Identified in practice usually by body weight, or BMI (weight per height)
-Body Mass Index = kg/m2
-BMI > 30 (obese)
-BMI > 27 (overweight)
-Criteria for obesity vary by age and sex
-No longer a problem in just wealthy countries and older people
-Prevalence in younger populations, 3rd world countries
Diseases/medical conditions associated with obesity:
•Type 2 diabetes
•Cardiovascular disease
•High blood pressure
•Dyslipidemia
•Liver disease
•Cancer
Obesity is an Epidemic with Remarkably Changing Demographics - Answer--
Thought that obesity was disease of affluence
-Richer people are less obese, vice versa
-Cardiovascular disease is leading killer in the world (leading killer in US, more than
cancer)
-Becoming international disease, not just in affluent countries
-Becoming disease of youth, not just middle age and older
-Is highly related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus
-Cardiovascular disease is now, for 1st time in history, the leading cause of death in
the world, and is highly correlated with prevalence of obesity
-Prevalence is increasing in the US and the world
-Increase from 15% (1976-80) to 33% in US adults now
Obesity Trends - Answer--1985 no state where over 15% of people are obese
, -1991 majority of states have over 15% of obese people
-1997 all states have or 10% of obesity while some states hit over 20%
-1999 handful of state has over 20% of obesity
-2005 states hit over 30% obesity (DAMN)
Changing Demographics of Obesity - Answer--Prevalence is higher in lower socio-
economic groups in the Western, developed world
-Poorer people have higher incidence, not lower!
-Opposite to historical pattern
-Prevalence is higher in minority groups in US
-Some groups have >70% prevalence!
-Tremendous increase in prevalence in young people
-Teen diabetes in SF now more Type 2 ("Adult", obesity -related) than Type 1
("Juvenile"- thin, unrelated to obesity)!
-Accelerating increase in "3rd World" (less developed countries)
-Asia, S. America, urban Africa, central Europe, etc.
-First time in US history my generation will have a lower life-span than our parents,
due to obesity and diseases related to it
Frozen Foods - Answer--frozen to minimize nutrient loss
-thus frozen fruits and veget may supply more vitamins than "fresh" ones
-high temp in canning reduces nutrient content (available, affordable source of food
so ppl don't care about nutrient)
-sometimes "fresh" produce lacks lots of nutrients bc it's been transported, etc. for
long periods of time
Thiamin (B1), 4 - Answer--first B vitamin to be identified
-thiamin deficiency = beri beri (colonists were colonizing land which changed diet of
natives bc eating lots of white rice, then ppl got sick so then brown rice was eaten
and ppl got better)
-PORK
-Required for
•energy production
•carbohydrate metabolism
•the production of ribose
•the health of the nervous system
-wernicke korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome - Answer-deficiency of thiamin in alcoholics
Riboflavin (B2), 2 - Answer--easily destroyed by heat and exposure to light (i.e. milk
carton special to protect against heat)
-2% MILK
-Important component in the citric acid cycle and for assisting the body with the
absorption of other vitamins
-Coenzyme form: FMN, FAD
-aribofavnosis
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) & Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) - Answer-
coenzyme form of riboflavin
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Biotin (B7) - Answer--avidin in raw eggs destroys biotin (denatures it with heat)
-found in liver, egg yolk, yogurt, nuts
-functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism
-Catalyzes, Carbohydrate reactions which add Co2 to metabolize certain amino
acids
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - Answer--converted into pyridoxal phosphate which is
required for many enzyme reactions
-comprises a group of compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine
-all 3 forms can be converted into pyridoxal phosphate
-CHICKEN
-Toxicity: nerve damage
-anemia
Pyridoxal Phosphate - Answer-- is required for many enzyme reactions in the body
Anemia - Answer--Vitamin B6 deficiency
- impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues
-toxicity from supplements can cause irreversible nerve damage
Folate (B9), 2 - Answer--needed for DNA synthesis and the metabolism of some
amino acids
-low folate intake in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural
tube defects
-low folate intake has been associated with an increased risk of heart disease related
to the metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine
-LENTILS
-mactocytic anemia (cells can't divide)
Homocysteine - Answer--high levels of this in the blood system increases risk of
CVD
-if vitamin B6 is deficient homocysteine cannot be converted to cysteine, so levels
rise
-if folate or vitamin B12 is deficient homocysteine cannot be converted to methionine,
so levels rise
Macrocytic Anemia - Answer--folate deficiency
-cells unable to divide (megaloblast) results in macrocyte
-can also cause neural tube defiects
Vitamin B12, 1 - Answer--necessary for the proper absorption of iron in the body
-most readily absorbed from animal products
-Vegan diets need to be supplemented with readily-absorbable forms of B12
, -Atrophic gastritis may lead to B12 deficiencies
-bound to protein
-CHICKEN
-Folic acid intake can mask B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia - Answer-form of anemia that does not respond to iron
supplementation
Vitamin C (aka ascorbic acid or ascorbate), 3 - Answer--can be destroyed by
oxygen, light and heat, as well as contact with copper or iron cookware
-functions as an antioxidant in the body, helps maintain the immune system, is
important in the production of collagen and aids in iron absorption
-create strong, healthy cross linked connectve tissue
-neutralizes free radicals so they can no longer damage molecules such as DNA
-upper limit is 2000mg
-does not treat common cold
-KIWI, ORANGE JUICE
Scurvy - Answer-vitamin C deficiency
Obesity - Answer--Disorder of body fat (excess body fat)
-Identified in practice usually by body weight, or BMI (weight per height)
-Body Mass Index = kg/m2
-BMI > 30 (obese)
-BMI > 27 (overweight)
-Criteria for obesity vary by age and sex
-No longer a problem in just wealthy countries and older people
-Prevalence in younger populations, 3rd world countries
Diseases/medical conditions associated with obesity:
•Type 2 diabetes
•Cardiovascular disease
•High blood pressure
•Dyslipidemia
•Liver disease
•Cancer
Obesity is an Epidemic with Remarkably Changing Demographics - Answer--
Thought that obesity was disease of affluence
-Richer people are less obese, vice versa
-Cardiovascular disease is leading killer in the world (leading killer in US, more than
cancer)
-Becoming international disease, not just in affluent countries
-Becoming disease of youth, not just middle age and older
-Is highly related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus
-Cardiovascular disease is now, for 1st time in history, the leading cause of death in
the world, and is highly correlated with prevalence of obesity
-Prevalence is increasing in the US and the world
-Increase from 15% (1976-80) to 33% in US adults now
Obesity Trends - Answer--1985 no state where over 15% of people are obese
, -1991 majority of states have over 15% of obese people
-1997 all states have or 10% of obesity while some states hit over 20%
-1999 handful of state has over 20% of obesity
-2005 states hit over 30% obesity (DAMN)
Changing Demographics of Obesity - Answer--Prevalence is higher in lower socio-
economic groups in the Western, developed world
-Poorer people have higher incidence, not lower!
-Opposite to historical pattern
-Prevalence is higher in minority groups in US
-Some groups have >70% prevalence!
-Tremendous increase in prevalence in young people
-Teen diabetes in SF now more Type 2 ("Adult", obesity -related) than Type 1
("Juvenile"- thin, unrelated to obesity)!
-Accelerating increase in "3rd World" (less developed countries)
-Asia, S. America, urban Africa, central Europe, etc.
-First time in US history my generation will have a lower life-span than our parents,
due to obesity and diseases related to it
Frozen Foods - Answer--frozen to minimize nutrient loss
-thus frozen fruits and veget may supply more vitamins than "fresh" ones
-high temp in canning reduces nutrient content (available, affordable source of food
so ppl don't care about nutrient)
-sometimes "fresh" produce lacks lots of nutrients bc it's been transported, etc. for
long periods of time
Thiamin (B1), 4 - Answer--first B vitamin to be identified
-thiamin deficiency = beri beri (colonists were colonizing land which changed diet of
natives bc eating lots of white rice, then ppl got sick so then brown rice was eaten
and ppl got better)
-PORK
-Required for
•energy production
•carbohydrate metabolism
•the production of ribose
•the health of the nervous system
-wernicke korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome - Answer-deficiency of thiamin in alcoholics
Riboflavin (B2), 2 - Answer--easily destroyed by heat and exposure to light (i.e. milk
carton special to protect against heat)
-2% MILK
-Important component in the citric acid cycle and for assisting the body with the
absorption of other vitamins
-Coenzyme form: FMN, FAD
-aribofavnosis
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) & Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) - Answer-
coenzyme form of riboflavin
