Atrophy - Correct Answers E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy)
Hypertrophy - Correct Answers E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia - Correct Answers E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Dysplasia - Correct Answers E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia - Correct Answers E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury - Correct Answers E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
, P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - Correct Answers E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - Correct Answers E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - Correct Answers Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - Correct Answers intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - Correct Answers accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - Correct Answers accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - Correct Answers sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy)
Hypertrophy - Correct Answers E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
Hyperplasia - Correct Answers E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
Dysplasia - Correct Answers E. Cells change in size, shape, organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
Metaplasia - Correct Answers E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
Hypoxia injury - Correct Answers E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
, P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - Correct Answers E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - Correct Answers E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty
infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - Correct Answers Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight,
becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - Correct Answers intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - Correct Answers accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - Correct Answers accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - Correct Answers sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
