Basic Chemistry and macromoleculesChapter Two Exam

atom - -smallest chemical units of matter molecule - -two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds compound - -a molecule that contains atoms of MORE THAN one element element - -matter composed of a single type of atom dehydration synthesis - -reactions that MAKE macromolecules (pull out H2O to make covalent bonds) hydrolysis - -reactions that BREAK macromolecules (USE H2O to break the covalent bonds) inorganic - -usually LACK carbon; examples = water, oxygen molecules, metal ions, acids, bases, salts... organic - -all are carbon based compounds; contain hydrogen AND carbon atoms *larger and much more complex than inorganic molecules! hydrophobic - -does NOT dissolve in water (DISLIKES water) hydrophilic - -readily dissolves in water (LIKES water) Parts of an atom - -Electrons, neutrons, and protons What are the elements commonly found in living organisms? - -CHONPS: carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous sulfur What are the unique properties of water? - -1. Water molecules are COHESIVE -stick to each other through hydrogen bonding 2. It's a good solvent -dissolves salts & other electrically charged molecules 3. Remains a liquid across a wider range of temperatures than other molecules of the same size 4. Can absorb good amounts of heat energy w/ out changing its temperature 5. Water molecules take part in many chemical reactions within cells -both as products in dehydration synthesis -and reactants in hydrolysis What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - -Dehydration synthesis is when 2 small molecules are joined together by a covalent bond & a water molecule is formed Hydrolysis is the opposite of ^; a covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, then the components of water are added to the products What is a macromolecule? - -organic compounds that are used by all organisms What are the 4 macromolecules? - -Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids CARBS: What is the subunit? - -Monosaccharides CARBS: What type of bond holds its subunits together? - -Glycosidic bonds CARBS: What do they do? - -Give you energy and give structure CARBS: What elements make it up? - -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CH2O) PROTEINS: What is the subunit? - -Amino acids PROTEINS: What type of bond holds it together? - -Peptide bonds PROTEINS: What do they do? - -Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions Provide structure Membrane transport Receptors (receive info) Chemical messengers PROTEINS: What elements make it up? - -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur LIPIDS: What is the subunit? - -Fatty acid polymers Steroids (NOT polymers) LIPIDS: What type of bond holds it together? - -Ester bonds LIPIDS: What do they do? - -Energy reserves (long term storage) Help make up cell membranes Messenger molecules LIPIDS: What elements make it up? - -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen NUCELIC ACIDS: What is the subunit? - -Nucleotides NUCELIC ACIDS: What type of bond holds it together? - -Phosphodiester bonds NUCELIC ACIDS: What does it do? - -Nucleic acid polymers have genetic info (DNA & RNA) Some nucleotides used as a form of ATP Some nucleotides used as electron carriers NUCELIC ACIDS: What elements make it up? - -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous Why do phospholipids form membranes? - -They create a phospholipid bilayers that act as barriers because of their unsaturated hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, which prevent phospholipid molecules from packing together and forming a solid What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - -Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure