2 main groups of eukaryotes
o protists↔not a taxa, varied with some using organic molecules as nutrients others
use photosynthesis. When an organism is like plants and animals. eg:slime molds,
maleria is caused by protists that live in mosqitoes. can be heterotrophs or
autotrophs
o Fungi↔form a coherent group; 2 types mold and yeast form. mushroom are just
the fruiting bodies. more related to plants than animals. heterotrophs.
o
1. Eukaryotes
1. Eukaryotic cells→larger than bacterial cells- but there
are picoeukaryotes like Ostreococcus tauri( smallest living algae),
morphologically diverse and specially the eukaryotic microbes are
highly evolved.; extensive use of membrane bound compartments - to isolate and
control simultaneous reactions.
1. picoeukaryotes↔smallest free living alge
2. Eukaryotic cell envelopes→the cell envelope consists of the plasma membrane
and all coverings external to it.; cellwalls
3. Cell wall→provides structural support and shape.
Cell wall in fungi↔Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers; chitin( long
1.
chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine); glucomannan (poly of glucose
and mannose); cellulose; thin outer layer of mixed glycans.
2. Cell wall in algae↔Highly varied; may contain pectin, cellulose,
mannans, sillicon dioxide, calcium carbonate.
2. Eukaryotes membrane
1. Plasma membrane↔lipid bilayer high in sphingolipids and sterols in
addition to phospholipids. (eg; cholesterol and ergosterol) – these provide
strength to the plasma membrane since they are able to pack tightly
together.
2. Distribution of lipid in the plasma membrane is asymmetric, why?
→Because of the microdomains(lipid rafts)- used in signal transduction,
, assembly and release of viral particles, endocytosis.
3. what is used in Movement across the membrane→Facilitated
diffusion(more prominent role in transport), passive diffusion, active
transport, endocytosis used to bring materials inside of the cells.
2. Eukaryotes cytoplasm
Cytosol↔liquid component of the cytoplasm; where many
important biochemical processes and physical changes occur; viscosity
changes and cytoplasmic streaming(movement of the fluid); Contains
organelles and cytoskeleton.
1. Cytoskeletal system network↔3 filaments; actin filament or
microfilaments. intermediate filaments and microtubules.
1. Actin filament↔can be organized to form many structures
depending on the cell type.
1. Function→they have actin proteins similar to contracticle
protein of muscle tissue thus it moves structures inside cell;
it can also help change shape so it functions in amoeboid
o protists↔not a taxa, varied with some using organic molecules as nutrients others
use photosynthesis. When an organism is like plants and animals. eg:slime molds,
maleria is caused by protists that live in mosqitoes. can be heterotrophs or
autotrophs
o Fungi↔form a coherent group; 2 types mold and yeast form. mushroom are just
the fruiting bodies. more related to plants than animals. heterotrophs.
o
1. Eukaryotes
1. Eukaryotic cells→larger than bacterial cells- but there
are picoeukaryotes like Ostreococcus tauri( smallest living algae),
morphologically diverse and specially the eukaryotic microbes are
highly evolved.; extensive use of membrane bound compartments - to isolate and
control simultaneous reactions.
1. picoeukaryotes↔smallest free living alge
2. Eukaryotic cell envelopes→the cell envelope consists of the plasma membrane
and all coverings external to it.; cellwalls
3. Cell wall→provides structural support and shape.
Cell wall in fungi↔Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers; chitin( long
1.
chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine); glucomannan (poly of glucose
and mannose); cellulose; thin outer layer of mixed glycans.
2. Cell wall in algae↔Highly varied; may contain pectin, cellulose,
mannans, sillicon dioxide, calcium carbonate.
2. Eukaryotes membrane
1. Plasma membrane↔lipid bilayer high in sphingolipids and sterols in
addition to phospholipids. (eg; cholesterol and ergosterol) – these provide
strength to the plasma membrane since they are able to pack tightly
together.
2. Distribution of lipid in the plasma membrane is asymmetric, why?
→Because of the microdomains(lipid rafts)- used in signal transduction,
, assembly and release of viral particles, endocytosis.
3. what is used in Movement across the membrane→Facilitated
diffusion(more prominent role in transport), passive diffusion, active
transport, endocytosis used to bring materials inside of the cells.
2. Eukaryotes cytoplasm
Cytosol↔liquid component of the cytoplasm; where many
important biochemical processes and physical changes occur; viscosity
changes and cytoplasmic streaming(movement of the fluid); Contains
organelles and cytoskeleton.
1. Cytoskeletal system network↔3 filaments; actin filament or
microfilaments. intermediate filaments and microtubules.
1. Actin filament↔can be organized to form many structures
depending on the cell type.
1. Function→they have actin proteins similar to contracticle
protein of muscle tissue thus it moves structures inside cell;
it can also help change shape so it functions in amoeboid
