Pearson Understanding Psychology 12th Edition Chapter 1 Exam Questions with Correct Answers.

Pearson Understanding Psychology 12th Edition Chapter 1 Exam Questions with Correct Answers What is psychology? - Correct Answers: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes Developmental Psychology - Correct Answers: The study of all aspects of human growth and change from the prenatal period through old age Physiological Psychology - Correct Answers: The study of the biological basis of human behaviour, thoughts, and emotions Experimental Psychology - Correct Answers: The study of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals Personality Psychology - Correct Answers: The study of differences among individuals in variety of traits Clinical Psychology - Correct Answers: The focus on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders Counseling Psychology - Correct Answers: The focus on "normal" adjustment issues as well as facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span. The specialty pays particular attention to emotional, social, and developmental concerns Social Psychology - Correct Answers: Explores how society influences the individual and psyche Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology - Correct Answers: Applies principles of psychology to practical issues of the workplace Person-Situation - Correct Answers: Are we masters of our own fate, or victims of circumstances? Nature-Nurture - Correct Answers: Are we most influenced by our innate, inborn tendencies or do we reflect our experiences? Stability-Change - Correct Answers: Are we the same person we were during childhood, or has the course of our life changed us? Diversity-Universality - Correct Answers: Do we need "different psychologies" for people of different cultures, or does our understanding of human behaviour transfer across the whole of the human race? Mind-Body - Correct Answers: How do our thoughts and feelings affect biological processes such as nervous system activity? Scientific method - Correct Answers: An approach to knowledge that relies on collecting data, generates a theory to explain said data, produces testable hypotheses based on said theory, and tests those hypotheses empirically Theory - Correct Answers: A systematic explanation of phenomenon that organizes known facts, allows prediction of new facts, and permits degree of control over the phenomenon Hypothesis - Correct Answers: A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory Critical Thinking - Correct Answers: The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. Dualism - Correct Answers: View that thoughts and feelings (the mind) are distinct from the world of real objects and our bodies. Socrates (4th century BCE) - Correct Answers: Believed that we are born with knowledge and, by reasoning correctly, we gain access to it. He also believed that our minds (souls) do not cease to exist when we die. Plato (4th century BCE) - Correct Answers: Believed in innate knowledge that we access through careful reasoning. He also divided the world into two realms, with mind being pure and abstract and all else physical and mundane. He also suggested that reason is responsible for balancing our desires (appetites) on the one hand with our (spirit) on the other in pursuit of reason's goals. Aristotle (4th century BCE) - Correct Answers: Believed that we acquire knowledge by observing the physical world and using logic and reasoning to make sense of our observations. We perceive the world, remember at least some of what we have perceived, and by thinking we arrive at understanding. In other words, there is no innate knowledge. René Descartes (16th century) - Correct Answers: Believed that the human mind, unlike the physical world, is not subject to laws. Moreover, though the mind is not observable, it controls the body; and in turn, the body provides information for the mind. John Locke (17th century) - Correct Answers: Said the human mind at the moment of birth is a tabula rasa, a "blank slate" that contains no innate knowledge. And, unlike Descartes, he believed that even the human mind operates according to laws. Thomas Hobbes (17th century) - Correct Answers: Claimed that such things as "soul" and "spirit" and "mind" are meaningless. According to Hobbes, thoughts and experiences are simply by-products of the workings of our brain. In this respect, Hobbes anticipated the position of psychological behaviorists of later years. Charles Darwin (19th century) - Correct Answers: Believed that while the mind is unobservable (and thus not a proper subject for scientific study), behavior is observable and thus open to scientific examination. Moreover, Darwin took the position that behavior evolves: Behavior that contributes to the survival of a species tends to persist while behavior that is detrimental to survival tends to disappear over time. Structuralism - Correct Answers: Stresses basic unit of experience, Wundt used the term voluntarism to describe this view of psychology (Wundt and Titchener). Functionalism - Correct Answers: Stresses how an organism uses perceptual abilities to function in its environment (William James) Psychodynamic Psychology - Correct Answers: Contends behavior results from psychological factors that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness (Sigmund Freud) Bahviourism - Correct Answers: Only concerned with behavior that can be observed and measured, Watson focused on learning as a kind of conditioning while Skinner focused on the role of reinforcement and punishment (Watson and B. F. Skinner) What two factors paved the way for the cognitive revolution? - Correct Answers: Gestalt and humanistic psychology Gestalt Psychology - Correct Answers: Studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns Humanistic Psychology - Correct Answers: Emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing full human potential Cognitive Psychology - Correct Answers: Studies mental processes in broadest sense Evolutionary Psychology - Correct Answers: An approach to, and subfield of, psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value, and the purposes they continue to serve Positive Psychology - Correct Answers: An emerging field of psychology that focuses on positive experiences, including subjective well-being; the development of individual characteristics such as integrity; and the environmental conditions that encourage individuals to flourish Contemporary Psychologists - Correct Answers: Psychologists that see different perspectives as complimentary and generally agree with field advances and additions of new evidence that support or challenge existing theories Women in Psychology - Correct Answers: Have contributed to psychology since its beginning, though have faced much discrimination. Those included in this are Mary Whiton Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, and Margaret Floy Washburri Which gender received 72% of PhDs in psychology in 2005? - Correct Answers: Women How did women in psychology face discrimination? - Correct Answers: Some colleges didn't grant degrees to women, professional journals were often reluctant to publish their works, teaching positions were usually closed to them Why learn about human diversity? - Correct Answers: It's an essential part of life as major cities are home to people of all kinds of cultures and lifestyles, and can help uncover assumptions about different peoples as true or false Gender - Correct Answers: Psychological and social meanings attached to being biologically male or female Gender Stereotypes - Correct Answers: Beliefs about "typical" male or female behaviors and roles,such as "girls are weak" or "guys have no emotions" Feminist Psychology - Correct Answers: A wide variety of views on social roles of women as results of studies about gender differences were often interpreted to show women as "lacking,"and small differences were considered extreme. Sexual Orientation - Correct Answers: Direction of one's sexual interest toward members of same sex, other sex, or both sexes. Research in this area is still in early stages Race - Correct Answers: Subpopulation of species, defined according to an identifiable characteristic Ethnicity - Correct Answers: Common cultural heritage shared by a group of individuals Culture - Correct Answers: Values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs passed from one generation to another Individualistic Cultures - Correct Answers: Cultures that value independence and personal achievement Collectivist Cultures - Correct Answers: Cultures that value interdependence, fitting in, and harmonious relationships Cross-Cultural Research - Correct Answers: Involves exploration of extent to which people differ from one culture to another Naturalistic Observation - Correct Answers: Observing and recording behavior of humans or animals in their natural environment Advantages of Naturalistic Observation - Correct Answers: Behavior more likely to be more natural, spontaneous, and varied, no artificiality of the lab, insight into the important factors to study, can observe what occurs before and after target behaviour Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation - Correct Answers: Observer bias might distort or influence interpretation of what is actually observed, less control over variables, cannot imply causality, observer bias, target behaviour occurs only once Case Studies - Correct Answers: Detailed description of single individual or just few individuals Advantages of Case Studies - Correct Answers: Yields detailed descriptive information: Useful for forming hypotheses Disadvantages of Case Studies - Correct Answers: May not be representative sample; time consuming and expensive; potential for observer bias Surveys - Correct Answers: Questionnaire or interview administered to selected group of people Advantages of Surveys - Correct Answers: Allows for large amount of data to be gathered quickly Disadvantages of Surveys - Correct Answers: Poorly constructed questions can result in ambiguous answers; accuracy related to participant honesty Correlational Research - Correct Answers: Uses statistical methods to examine relationship between two or more variables Advantages of Correlational Research - Correct Answers: Useful for predicting behavior Disadvantages of Correlational Research - Correct Answers: Cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect Experimental Research - Correct Answers: Some variables deliberately manipulated and subsequent effects on behavior measured Advantages of Experimental Research - Correct Answers: Allows researchers conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships to be drawn Disadvantages of Experimental Research - Correct Answers: Unexpected and uncontrolled variables may confound results; many variables cannot be controlled and manipulated Independent Variable - Correct Answers: Variable manipulated to test its effects on other dependent variables Dependent Variable - Correct Answers: Variable measured to see how it is changed by manipulations in independent variable Experimental Group - Correct Answers: Group subjected to a change in the independent variable Control Group - Correct Answers: The group not subjected to a change in the independent variable Imagine you are a researcher studying the effects of parenting on adult child success. Can you think of reasons why studying your own family might be influenced by experimenter bias? - Correct Answers: Expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or its interpretation Multimethod Research - Correct Answers: Combination of various research methods to obtain better insights. Many researchers will use different methods to study the same phenomenon as combining various research methods often obtains better insights Sample - Correct Answers: Subgroup of population Random Sample - Correct Answers: Sample in which each potential participant has equal chance of being selected Representative Sample - Correct Answers: Sample in which characteristics of participants correspond closely to characteristics of larger population Unintended biases in research - Correct Answers: Generalization of research findings to other cultures. Influence of the experimenter's gender, race, or ethnicity APA ethical guidelines for human subjects - Correct Answers: Participants must be informed of the nature of the research. Informed consent must be documented. Risks must be spelled out in advance. If for course credit, alternate activity must be offered. Participants cannot be deceived about aspects that would affect their willingness to participate. Deception about goals of research can only be used when absolutely necessary APA ethical guidelines for animal subjects - Correct Answers: Researchers must ensure "appropriate consideration of the animal's comfort, health, and humane treatment." Animals may not be subjected to "pain, stress, or privation" when an alternative procedure is available. Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery When it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures Jobs with Associate's degree in psychology - Correct Answers: Paraprofessional positions in state hospitals, mental health centers, and other human services settings Jobs with a Bachelor's degree in psychology - Correct Answers: Assistants to psychologists, high school psychology teacher, and government or business positions