PY 370 MIDTERM TEST WITH 100%
CORRECT SOLUTIONS
histography - ANSWER - theory and methodology of history
- "the past" does not equal "history"
- history = interpretation of the past
- lots of issues in studying history
Presentism vs. contextualism - ANSWER PRESENTISM
- evaluating history with reference to modern values and knowledge ("hindsight is
20/20")
- hard to avoid -> we know the outcome
CONTEXTUALISM
- evaluate history with reference to what is known at time
- understanding history in its own context
EXAMPLE: why Nazi guards did what they did
physis - ANSWER fundamental element
Naturalism - ANSWER - universe is best explained in terms of material elements and
processes
- concerned with physis
- nature alone explains reality
(Empedocles) - balance of 4 elements
formalism - ANSWER - universe is best explained in terms of mathmatical relations
- reject senses (are illusory)
- reality beyond experience grasped by reasoning and logic
- generally believed material did exists
Empedocles - ANSWER physis = four elements
- fire
,- air
- water
- earth
combine = create everything
blood = contains all 4
- medium of perception and thought
rudimentary evolution/ natural selection
(naturalism)
Pythagoras - ANSWER reality itself is abstract in nature
- sensations = manifestation of mathematical harmonies and ratios
abstract truth obtained through pure reason
- independant of sensation
dualist
- mind and body are distinct entities
- immortal psyche vs. corruptible material body
influenced stoicism (abstinence and self-discipline)
first to connect brain with thought
argued psychological health based upon blending of bodily elements
- treatment designed to restore harmony
(formalism)
Hippocrates - ANSWER father of medicine
- hippocratic oath
health derives from proper balance of "4 humors"
claimed brain center of psychological capacities
provided detailed accounts of many psychological diseases
- particularly, neurology -> studied brain in detail
established contralateral control of body by different hemispheres of the brain
, Plato - ANSWER occtheory of forms
psychological harmony = reason controls passions and appetites
theory of recollection
- all knowledge is remembrance of knowledge possessed by immortal psyche,
temporarily forgotten with each cycle of reincarnation
platonic dualism
Aristotle - ANSWER - believed exact opposite
developed Aristotelian logic
- formed basis of scientific work until 1800s
large influence on psychology
first to devote work to psychology (De Anima)
- also on memory, on dreams and Nichomachean ethics
Skeptics - ANSWER - rejection of all beliefs/knowledge/truth
- live life of local moral and religious practices
epicureanism - ANSWER maximize happiness (happiness = moderation over the
long-term)
stoicism - ANSWER freely accept fate with indifference (regardless if it's good or bad)
Herophilus - ANSWER founded anatomical school in alexandria
distinguished between sensory and motor neurons
- impulses from senses to brain and brain to muscles
hollow nerves transmitted material particles
controversial
- dissecting live criminals
Galan - ANSWER physician
- gladiator surgeon and dissecting animals (because of the ban)
every structure, organ and system had a function
"vital" and "animal" spirits
- heart gets "vital spirits" from air
CORRECT SOLUTIONS
histography - ANSWER - theory and methodology of history
- "the past" does not equal "history"
- history = interpretation of the past
- lots of issues in studying history
Presentism vs. contextualism - ANSWER PRESENTISM
- evaluating history with reference to modern values and knowledge ("hindsight is
20/20")
- hard to avoid -> we know the outcome
CONTEXTUALISM
- evaluate history with reference to what is known at time
- understanding history in its own context
EXAMPLE: why Nazi guards did what they did
physis - ANSWER fundamental element
Naturalism - ANSWER - universe is best explained in terms of material elements and
processes
- concerned with physis
- nature alone explains reality
(Empedocles) - balance of 4 elements
formalism - ANSWER - universe is best explained in terms of mathmatical relations
- reject senses (are illusory)
- reality beyond experience grasped by reasoning and logic
- generally believed material did exists
Empedocles - ANSWER physis = four elements
- fire
,- air
- water
- earth
combine = create everything
blood = contains all 4
- medium of perception and thought
rudimentary evolution/ natural selection
(naturalism)
Pythagoras - ANSWER reality itself is abstract in nature
- sensations = manifestation of mathematical harmonies and ratios
abstract truth obtained through pure reason
- independant of sensation
dualist
- mind and body are distinct entities
- immortal psyche vs. corruptible material body
influenced stoicism (abstinence and self-discipline)
first to connect brain with thought
argued psychological health based upon blending of bodily elements
- treatment designed to restore harmony
(formalism)
Hippocrates - ANSWER father of medicine
- hippocratic oath
health derives from proper balance of "4 humors"
claimed brain center of psychological capacities
provided detailed accounts of many psychological diseases
- particularly, neurology -> studied brain in detail
established contralateral control of body by different hemispheres of the brain
, Plato - ANSWER occtheory of forms
psychological harmony = reason controls passions and appetites
theory of recollection
- all knowledge is remembrance of knowledge possessed by immortal psyche,
temporarily forgotten with each cycle of reincarnation
platonic dualism
Aristotle - ANSWER - believed exact opposite
developed Aristotelian logic
- formed basis of scientific work until 1800s
large influence on psychology
first to devote work to psychology (De Anima)
- also on memory, on dreams and Nichomachean ethics
Skeptics - ANSWER - rejection of all beliefs/knowledge/truth
- live life of local moral and religious practices
epicureanism - ANSWER maximize happiness (happiness = moderation over the
long-term)
stoicism - ANSWER freely accept fate with indifference (regardless if it's good or bad)
Herophilus - ANSWER founded anatomical school in alexandria
distinguished between sensory and motor neurons
- impulses from senses to brain and brain to muscles
hollow nerves transmitted material particles
controversial
- dissecting live criminals
Galan - ANSWER physician
- gladiator surgeon and dissecting animals (because of the ban)
every structure, organ and system had a function
"vital" and "animal" spirits
- heart gets "vital spirits" from air
