PY 375 Final Study Guide Exam With 100%
Correct Solutions
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER A non-experimental method in which a researcher
observes and records behavior without the subject knowing
Observation - ANSWER A non-experimental method in which a researcher observes and
records behavior while the person is aware they are being observed
Interviews - ANSWER Collecting data from people by asking questions and recording
their responses one person at a time
Focus Groups - ANSWER Collecting data from people by asking questions and
recording their responses in a group of people
Correlation - ANSWER No effect to control variables or random assignment, does not
prove causation
Survey Method - ANSWER Asking people questions in a digital or paper form, Problems:
Correlation-causation fallacy and response distortion
Database Method - ANSWER Conducting a correlational study using existing data
sources
Psychometric Test - ANSWER Used to assess personality, knowledge, intelligence, or
other "smarts" based mental constructs
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER Survey testing that uses multiple survey time periods
Experiment - ANSWER Researcher controls procedures, participants are randomly
assigned, allows for statements of cause and effect
Quasi-Experiment - ANSWER No random assignment
Independent Variable - ANSWER Observable event that causes a person to do
something
Dependent Variable - ANSWER Observable behavior produced by the person
Internal Validity - ANSWER Confidence that results are the result of what we are saying
they are the result of: Measurement was accurate, Change in DV was solely due to
change in IV, Extraneous or nuisance variables neutralized
External Validity - ANSWER Are the study findings generalizable?: Appropriate sample,
minimized study-specific or context-specific effects
,Ecological Validity - ANSWER The extent to which a study is realistic or representative
of real life.
Study Validity - ANSWER How much confidence you have in the study and its results
Scale Validity - ANSWER How much confidence you have in the measurement of
psychological constructs
Standardization - ANSWER defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
performance of a pretested group: This establishes a normal bell-shaped curve
Reliability - ANSWER the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by
the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on
retesting
Validity - ANSWER Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
Descriptive Statistics - ANSWER Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode / Dispersion:
Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
Inferential Statistics - ANSWER Chi-Squared, T-Test, ANOVA, Factorial ANOVA,
Correlation, Regression, Multiple regression, Logistic Regression
Qualitative Techniques - ANSWER Objective and structured is better than subjective
and unstructured
P-Value - ANSWER Suggested value of less than .05, less than 5% change of a Type I
Error, P<.05 is a necessary but insufficient criteria for significance
True or False: If two events are correlated, one is causing the other. - ANSWER False
Which kind of study validity exists when the results of a study is generalizable to other
contexts? - ANSWER External Validity
Which of the following is a measure of dispersion? - ANSWER Standard Deviation
If all items in a psychometric measure correlate highly, the measure is said to have: -
ANSWER Reliability
A finding in a psychological study is generally considered to be statistically significant if
the probability value of the finding is less than: - ANSWER 0.05
Nature - ANSWER Resulting from Genes
Nurture - ANSWER Resulting from environmental influence
Culture - ANSWER Influenced by social situations or society
Personality - ANSWER Pattern of traits that describe our "typical" behaviors
Taylor - ANSWER Defined culture as the learned habits and capabilities of a group
, Kroeber and Kluckhohn - ANSWER Believed culture was the patterns of behavior that
were acquired and transmitted through symbols and artifacts
Rohner - ANSWER One's culture is the complementary learned meanings maintained
and transmitted through generations
Berry et al. - ANSWER Defined culture as a groups shared way of life
Dual Process Model - ANSWER the idea that two modes of thinking exist within the
human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning
Cognitive Miser - ANSWER the tendency for humans to take mental shortcuts to
minimize cognitive load
Consciousness - ANSWER our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Interpersonal Self - ANSWER the self we are in the presence of other people
Agent Self - ANSWER Executive function; the part of the self involved in control,
including both control over other people and self-control
Self-Knowledge - ANSWER our beliefs about who we are and the way in which we
formulate and organize this information
Self-Awareness - ANSWER A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself.
It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
Phenomenal Self - ANSWER An individual's subjectively felt and interpreted experience
of "who I am"
Appraisal Motive - ANSWER desire to learn truth about oneself (weakest motive)
Automatic Egotism - ANSWER response by the automatic system that "everything good
is me, and everything bad is not me"
Correct Solutions
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER A non-experimental method in which a researcher
observes and records behavior without the subject knowing
Observation - ANSWER A non-experimental method in which a researcher observes and
records behavior while the person is aware they are being observed
Interviews - ANSWER Collecting data from people by asking questions and recording
their responses one person at a time
Focus Groups - ANSWER Collecting data from people by asking questions and
recording their responses in a group of people
Correlation - ANSWER No effect to control variables or random assignment, does not
prove causation
Survey Method - ANSWER Asking people questions in a digital or paper form, Problems:
Correlation-causation fallacy and response distortion
Database Method - ANSWER Conducting a correlational study using existing data
sources
Psychometric Test - ANSWER Used to assess personality, knowledge, intelligence, or
other "smarts" based mental constructs
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER Survey testing that uses multiple survey time periods
Experiment - ANSWER Researcher controls procedures, participants are randomly
assigned, allows for statements of cause and effect
Quasi-Experiment - ANSWER No random assignment
Independent Variable - ANSWER Observable event that causes a person to do
something
Dependent Variable - ANSWER Observable behavior produced by the person
Internal Validity - ANSWER Confidence that results are the result of what we are saying
they are the result of: Measurement was accurate, Change in DV was solely due to
change in IV, Extraneous or nuisance variables neutralized
External Validity - ANSWER Are the study findings generalizable?: Appropriate sample,
minimized study-specific or context-specific effects
,Ecological Validity - ANSWER The extent to which a study is realistic or representative
of real life.
Study Validity - ANSWER How much confidence you have in the study and its results
Scale Validity - ANSWER How much confidence you have in the measurement of
psychological constructs
Standardization - ANSWER defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
performance of a pretested group: This establishes a normal bell-shaped curve
Reliability - ANSWER the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by
the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on
retesting
Validity - ANSWER Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
Descriptive Statistics - ANSWER Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode / Dispersion:
Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
Inferential Statistics - ANSWER Chi-Squared, T-Test, ANOVA, Factorial ANOVA,
Correlation, Regression, Multiple regression, Logistic Regression
Qualitative Techniques - ANSWER Objective and structured is better than subjective
and unstructured
P-Value - ANSWER Suggested value of less than .05, less than 5% change of a Type I
Error, P<.05 is a necessary but insufficient criteria for significance
True or False: If two events are correlated, one is causing the other. - ANSWER False
Which kind of study validity exists when the results of a study is generalizable to other
contexts? - ANSWER External Validity
Which of the following is a measure of dispersion? - ANSWER Standard Deviation
If all items in a psychometric measure correlate highly, the measure is said to have: -
ANSWER Reliability
A finding in a psychological study is generally considered to be statistically significant if
the probability value of the finding is less than: - ANSWER 0.05
Nature - ANSWER Resulting from Genes
Nurture - ANSWER Resulting from environmental influence
Culture - ANSWER Influenced by social situations or society
Personality - ANSWER Pattern of traits that describe our "typical" behaviors
Taylor - ANSWER Defined culture as the learned habits and capabilities of a group
, Kroeber and Kluckhohn - ANSWER Believed culture was the patterns of behavior that
were acquired and transmitted through symbols and artifacts
Rohner - ANSWER One's culture is the complementary learned meanings maintained
and transmitted through generations
Berry et al. - ANSWER Defined culture as a groups shared way of life
Dual Process Model - ANSWER the idea that two modes of thinking exist within the
human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning
Cognitive Miser - ANSWER the tendency for humans to take mental shortcuts to
minimize cognitive load
Consciousness - ANSWER our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Interpersonal Self - ANSWER the self we are in the presence of other people
Agent Self - ANSWER Executive function; the part of the self involved in control,
including both control over other people and self-control
Self-Knowledge - ANSWER our beliefs about who we are and the way in which we
formulate and organize this information
Self-Awareness - ANSWER A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself.
It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
Phenomenal Self - ANSWER An individual's subjectively felt and interpreted experience
of "who I am"
Appraisal Motive - ANSWER desire to learn truth about oneself (weakest motive)
Automatic Egotism - ANSWER response by the automatic system that "everything good
is me, and everything bad is not me"
