active listening - Answers avoid interruption, avoid note-taking, focus on listening, "two ears, one
mouth"
faciliation - Answers engage with "uh huh, go on, mm hmm"
reflection - Answers repeat statements back, "you're worried you might need surgery?"
sharing observation - Answers "you look like you might be uncomfortable"
empathy - Answers "this must be very hard for you"
sharing hope - Answers "I notice you are getting stronger every day"
sharing humor - Answers NOT gallow humor, must be appropriate
clarification - Answers "are you saying..."
focusing - Answers recentering conversation, "let's talk about"
explanation - Answers "this medication should take about 15 minutes for you to feel its effects"
summary - Answers repeating synopsis of interview, "from what you have said..."
relevant questions - Answers questions relating to given answers
confrontation - Answers use carefully, pointing out inconsistencies
providing false assurance - Answers "everything will be okay"
giving unwanted advice - Answers "If I were you I'd get another doctor."
Patients don't really care what YOU would do.
The patient is an individual and should NOT be treated as a "mini" you.
using authority - Answers "I know best because I'm the nurse."
using avoidance language - Answers Use of euphemisms such as "passed on"
Direct language is the best way to deal with frightening topics.
a. Common terms avoided in healthcare: death or dying
engaging in distnancing - Answers "there is a lump on the breast"
using professional jargon - Answers use language beyond the patient's level of understanding
,using leading questions - Answers "You aren't going to do that, are you?"
talking too much - Answers talking more than you listen
interrupting - Answers occurs when one person stops speaking when another person starts speaking
using "why" questions - Answers "why would you do that?"... usually imply negative judgment about the
patient.
infant communication (0-1) - Answers use quiet and calm voice, face directly
toddler communication (1-3) - Answers 1-2 word communication, simple, direct, one-at-a-time
instructions
preschool communication (3-6) - Answers short sentences, educate through play
school-age communication (7-12) - Answers nonjudgemental, answer questions (want to know why and
how)
adolescent (13-18) - Answers transparent, use honest & respectful language
older adults - Answers be respectful, no elder speak
hearing impaired communication - Answers assess level, decided on communication (lip-reading,
cochlear implant, sign language), use preferred communication, trained interpreter if needed/possible
acutely ill communication - Answers assess severity, use clear and direct communication
under the influence communication - Answers avoid confrontation, difficult to communicate/interview,
use simple and direct communication
sexually aggressive communication - Answers set boundaries, remove self if needed, express feelings
crying patient communication - Answers do not move on to new topic, offer support & listening,
reassure that you are there for them
angry/anxious communication - Answers ask & listen, don't take personally, this is normal
potentially violent communication - Answers don't raise voice, safety is main goal, stay between patient
and the door
culture/gender considerations communication - Answers assess cultural normalities, respect wishes,
knock on door, maintain privacy
normal temperature - Answers 98.6 F or 37 C
temperature range - Answers 35.8 - 37.3 C
96.4 - 99.1 F
, core temperature - Answers The temperature of the internal part of the body
(tympanic and rectal)
surface temperature - Answers The temperature of the skin
(oral and axillary)
oral temperature - Answers accurate & convenient
posterior sublingual pocket
rectal temperature - Answers higher (0.4 - 0.5 C, 0.7 - 1.0 F)
use lubricant
place patient on side
febrile - Answers "pyrexia"
in response to pathogens
> 100 F
> 37.8 C
hypothermia - Answers low body temperature
< 95 F
< 35 C
hyperthermia - Answers high body temperature
axillary temperature - Answers lower (1 F)
under armpit
oral temperature reminders - Answers wait 15 min after cold or hot beverage
wait 2 min after smoking
average pulse - Answers 70 - 80 bpm
pulse range - Answers 50-60 (healthier) - 100
bilateral pulse check - Answers brachial
dorsal pedis