NUR 631 Final Exam
NUR 631 Midterm Exam 2025
The PT time and INR measure what? - Correct Ans-extrinsic pathway
The extrinsic pathway is initiated by - Correct Ans-tissue factor III
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene - Correct Ans-occurs at an
earlier age
Which leukemia demonstrates the Philedelphia chromosome? - Correct Ans-CML
Which leukemia has the best prognosis? - Correct Ans-ALL
What causes a hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia? - Correct Ans-TNF (tumor
necrosis factor)
What are proto-onocogenes? - Correct Ans-Normal cellular genes that promote growth
What is the major cause of death from leukemic disease? - Correct Ans-Infection
The primary source of erythropoietin is... - Correct Ans-The kidney
What is the largest cyctoplasmic organelle? - Correct Ans-Nucleus
Which organelle contains the DNA? - Correct Ans-Nucelus
Where is the nucleolus?****** - Correct Ans-In the nucleus
Where is RNA stored?******* - Correct Ans-Nucleolus
What is known as the GI tract of the cell and is coated with ribosomes? - Correct Ans-
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What do the ribosomes do? - Correct Ans-Make proteins
Which organlle is responsible for lipid metabolism?******
Abdundant in the muscle for calcium release - Correct Ans-Smooth ER
Which organelle stores calcium and detoxes alcohol from the cell? ****** - Correct Ans-
Smooth ER
Which organelle is responsible for folding proteins and has cisternae? - Correct Ans-
Golgi apparatus
1|Page
,NUR 631 Final Exam
Which organelle is the garbage collector and uses enzymes to digest cellular waste? -
Correct Ans-Lysosomes
What organelle is located in the cytoplasm and is responsible for ATP production? -
Correct Ans-Mitochondria
What are the functions of the plasma membrane? - Correct Ans-transport nutrients and
waste products, generate membrane potentials, recognition, communication and growth
regulation of cells
What composes the phospholipid bilayer? - Correct Ans-Hydrophobic head and
hydrophillic tail
What can pass the bilayer by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-Gases, fat soluable
vitamins and water
what cant pass by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-glucose, sucrose and ions (hydrogen,
sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium)
what must polar charged molecules use to cross the bilayer? - Correct Ans-carriers,
proteins or pumps
what is facilitated diffusion? - Correct Ans-diffusion (high concentration to low
concentration) but with transmembrane proteins
What is a GLUT protein transporter to transport glucose an example of? - Correct Ans-
Facilitated diffusion
Uses combined effects of concentration and electrical gradients - Correct Ans-
Electrochemical gradient
What kind of cellular receptor is the sodium potassium pump? - Correct Ans-Na K Pump
The three types of carrier proteins are - Correct Ans-Symporter, antiporter and uniporter
Moves molecules against concentration gradient using energy - Correct Ans-Primary
active transport
Uses primary active transport as a tool - Correct Ans-secondary active transport
resting membrane potential - Correct Ans--70mV
Action potential steps: - Correct Ans-1. resting potential
2. sodium rushes into cell (depolarization)
3. absolute refractory point is hit
4. potassium rushes out of cell to lower concentration (repolarization)
2|Page
,NUR 631 Final Exam
5. Na K pump pumps out 3 Na and 2 K to restore RMP
Cell signaling occurs through three methods: - Correct Ans-Gap junctions
Cell to cell (antigen presentation)
Ligand (vessicles)
Ligands can be one of three: - Correct Ans-Autocrine, paracrine, synaptic
intercellular channels that permit cell to cell transfer of ions and molecules - Correct
Ans-gap junctions
Gap junctions found often in which type of cells? - Correct Ans-cells where
synchronized functions occur: Cardiac cells, vascular tone and peristalsis
What do proteins do? - Correct Ans-made up of amino acids, execute most membrane
functions including transport and signal transduction
When does cell replication occur? - Correct Ans--Protein mitogens and growth hormone
regulated
-when factors are favorable
Stages of Mitosis (PMAT) - Correct Ans-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the end result of mitosis - Correct Ans-each daughter cell receives 46
chromosomes (23 pairs) (23 chromosomes from each parent
chromatin condenses into chromosomes in what phase - Correct Ans-prophase
in which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align 1/2 way between spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-metaphase
In which phase of mitosis do the centromeres divide? - Correct Ans-anaphase
In which phase of mitosis do the separated daughter cells arrive at spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-Telophase
Phase of mitosis where cells cleave off into new cells: - Correct Ans-Cytokinesis
What cells does meiosis occur in? - Correct Ans-Sex cells (gametes)
Which protein releases E2F transcription factors to begin cell division? - Correct Ans-Rb
protein
what triggers Rb to release E2F? - Correct Ans-Cyclins
How many genes are in the genome? - Correct Ans-20,000
3|Page
, NUR 631 Final Exam
What does DNA compose of? - Correct Ans-5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and 4
bases
What does G pair with? - Correct Ans-C
What does A pair with? - Correct Ans-T (or U in RNA)
What is a pneumonic to remember which bases pair? - Correct Ans-Together At the
Grand Canyon
DNA is wrapped around histones called? - Correct Ans-Chromatin
This protein binds new strands together forming complementary strands - Correct Ans-
DNA polymerase
This protein unzips the DNA strand from 5' to 3' - Correct Ans-Helicase
This protein lays down primers to code RNA strands: - Correct Ans-Primase
This protein glues together okazaki fragments on the RNA strand - Correct Ans-Ligase
This protein keeps DNA from coiling during transcription process - Correct Ans-
Topoisomerase
What is translation and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process in which
ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, following transcription of DNA to RNA in
the cell's nucleus. It occurs in cytoplasm
What is transcription and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process by which the
information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA). It occurs in the nucleus where the DNA cells are located.
Cells shrink and reduce their differential functions in response to normal and injurious
factors***** - Correct Ans-Atrophy
causes of cell atrophy**** - Correct Ans-1. Disuse
2. Ischemia
3. Endocrine Dysfunction
4. Persistent cell injury
5. Aging
increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity***** - Correct
Ans-cell hypertrophy
4|Page
NUR 631 Midterm Exam 2025
The PT time and INR measure what? - Correct Ans-extrinsic pathway
The extrinsic pathway is initiated by - Correct Ans-tissue factor III
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene - Correct Ans-occurs at an
earlier age
Which leukemia demonstrates the Philedelphia chromosome? - Correct Ans-CML
Which leukemia has the best prognosis? - Correct Ans-ALL
What causes a hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia? - Correct Ans-TNF (tumor
necrosis factor)
What are proto-onocogenes? - Correct Ans-Normal cellular genes that promote growth
What is the major cause of death from leukemic disease? - Correct Ans-Infection
The primary source of erythropoietin is... - Correct Ans-The kidney
What is the largest cyctoplasmic organelle? - Correct Ans-Nucleus
Which organelle contains the DNA? - Correct Ans-Nucelus
Where is the nucleolus?****** - Correct Ans-In the nucleus
Where is RNA stored?******* - Correct Ans-Nucleolus
What is known as the GI tract of the cell and is coated with ribosomes? - Correct Ans-
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What do the ribosomes do? - Correct Ans-Make proteins
Which organlle is responsible for lipid metabolism?******
Abdundant in the muscle for calcium release - Correct Ans-Smooth ER
Which organelle stores calcium and detoxes alcohol from the cell? ****** - Correct Ans-
Smooth ER
Which organelle is responsible for folding proteins and has cisternae? - Correct Ans-
Golgi apparatus
1|Page
,NUR 631 Final Exam
Which organelle is the garbage collector and uses enzymes to digest cellular waste? -
Correct Ans-Lysosomes
What organelle is located in the cytoplasm and is responsible for ATP production? -
Correct Ans-Mitochondria
What are the functions of the plasma membrane? - Correct Ans-transport nutrients and
waste products, generate membrane potentials, recognition, communication and growth
regulation of cells
What composes the phospholipid bilayer? - Correct Ans-Hydrophobic head and
hydrophillic tail
What can pass the bilayer by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-Gases, fat soluable
vitamins and water
what cant pass by simple diffusion? - Correct Ans-glucose, sucrose and ions (hydrogen,
sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium)
what must polar charged molecules use to cross the bilayer? - Correct Ans-carriers,
proteins or pumps
what is facilitated diffusion? - Correct Ans-diffusion (high concentration to low
concentration) but with transmembrane proteins
What is a GLUT protein transporter to transport glucose an example of? - Correct Ans-
Facilitated diffusion
Uses combined effects of concentration and electrical gradients - Correct Ans-
Electrochemical gradient
What kind of cellular receptor is the sodium potassium pump? - Correct Ans-Na K Pump
The three types of carrier proteins are - Correct Ans-Symporter, antiporter and uniporter
Moves molecules against concentration gradient using energy - Correct Ans-Primary
active transport
Uses primary active transport as a tool - Correct Ans-secondary active transport
resting membrane potential - Correct Ans--70mV
Action potential steps: - Correct Ans-1. resting potential
2. sodium rushes into cell (depolarization)
3. absolute refractory point is hit
4. potassium rushes out of cell to lower concentration (repolarization)
2|Page
,NUR 631 Final Exam
5. Na K pump pumps out 3 Na and 2 K to restore RMP
Cell signaling occurs through three methods: - Correct Ans-Gap junctions
Cell to cell (antigen presentation)
Ligand (vessicles)
Ligands can be one of three: - Correct Ans-Autocrine, paracrine, synaptic
intercellular channels that permit cell to cell transfer of ions and molecules - Correct
Ans-gap junctions
Gap junctions found often in which type of cells? - Correct Ans-cells where
synchronized functions occur: Cardiac cells, vascular tone and peristalsis
What do proteins do? - Correct Ans-made up of amino acids, execute most membrane
functions including transport and signal transduction
When does cell replication occur? - Correct Ans--Protein mitogens and growth hormone
regulated
-when factors are favorable
Stages of Mitosis (PMAT) - Correct Ans-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the end result of mitosis - Correct Ans-each daughter cell receives 46
chromosomes (23 pairs) (23 chromosomes from each parent
chromatin condenses into chromosomes in what phase - Correct Ans-prophase
in which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align 1/2 way between spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-metaphase
In which phase of mitosis do the centromeres divide? - Correct Ans-anaphase
In which phase of mitosis do the separated daughter cells arrive at spindle poles? -
Correct Ans-Telophase
Phase of mitosis where cells cleave off into new cells: - Correct Ans-Cytokinesis
What cells does meiosis occur in? - Correct Ans-Sex cells (gametes)
Which protein releases E2F transcription factors to begin cell division? - Correct Ans-Rb
protein
what triggers Rb to release E2F? - Correct Ans-Cyclins
How many genes are in the genome? - Correct Ans-20,000
3|Page
, NUR 631 Final Exam
What does DNA compose of? - Correct Ans-5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and 4
bases
What does G pair with? - Correct Ans-C
What does A pair with? - Correct Ans-T (or U in RNA)
What is a pneumonic to remember which bases pair? - Correct Ans-Together At the
Grand Canyon
DNA is wrapped around histones called? - Correct Ans-Chromatin
This protein binds new strands together forming complementary strands - Correct Ans-
DNA polymerase
This protein unzips the DNA strand from 5' to 3' - Correct Ans-Helicase
This protein lays down primers to code RNA strands: - Correct Ans-Primase
This protein glues together okazaki fragments on the RNA strand - Correct Ans-Ligase
This protein keeps DNA from coiling during transcription process - Correct Ans-
Topoisomerase
What is translation and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process in which
ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm create proteins, following transcription of DNA to RNA in
the cell's nucleus. It occurs in cytoplasm
What is transcription and where does it occur? - Correct Ans-the process by which the
information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA). It occurs in the nucleus where the DNA cells are located.
Cells shrink and reduce their differential functions in response to normal and injurious
factors***** - Correct Ans-Atrophy
causes of cell atrophy**** - Correct Ans-1. Disuse
2. Ischemia
3. Endocrine Dysfunction
4. Persistent cell injury
5. Aging
increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity***** - Correct
Ans-cell hypertrophy
4|Page
