CBCC-KA EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Contingency Contract - ✔✔An agreement between two or more parties
about what each is to do for the other
✔✔Define: Stretching the Ration - ✔✔Gradually increasing the number of times a
behaviour must be performed to qualify for reinforcement
✔✔Define: Ration Strain - ✔✔A reduction in the rate of target behaviour and an
increase in emotional behaivour resulting from increases in the ratio of behaviour to
reinforcment
✔✔How can you recognize a fixed interval schedule on a cumulitive frequency graph? -
✔✔The scalloped pattern reflects the lack of effort post reinforcement and the high
degree of effort pre-reinforcement
✔✔Define: Maintenance Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcment schedule that maintains a target
behaviour at a desired rate.
✔✔Define: Train sufficient exemplars - ✔✔Train enough variants of the environment or
of the behaviour and the target behaviour will generalize
✔✔Define: Sequential Modification - ✔✔Train and then evaluate for generalization and
retrain if necessary
✔✔Define: Train and Hope - ✔✔Teaching individuals a desired skill within a treatment
session and hoping the individual will generalize the use of that skill w/out
implementation of a pre-determined plan or strategy to facilitate generalization
✔✔What are the rules for increasing generalization? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour
so as to include many variations.2. Make the training situations resemble natural
situations3. Monitor the target behaviour in natural settings
✔✔Define: Response Generalization - ✔✔The tendency of the effects of training one
behaviour to spread to other behaviours
✔✔Define: Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training in one
situation to spread to other situations
✔✔Define: Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread
✔✔What can be done to ensure maintenance of learned behaviours? - ✔✔1. Continue
the intervention well after the target behaviour has changed.2. Expose the target
,behaviour to its natural reinforcers3. Teach the person to obtain reinforcement for the
target behaviour.4. Shape tolerance for delayed and uncertain reinforcement.5. Fade
the intervention program
✔✔What needs to be available before you attempt to change a target behaviour? -
✔✔A natural reinforcer (Carr et al.)
✔✔In a token economy, what is defined ahead of time? - ✔✔The back up reinforcers
✔✔What does DRO stand for and what is it equivalent to? - ✔✔Differential
Reinforcement of Other, equivalent to DRA
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcment of High Rate Behaviour - ✔✔A procedure for
increasing behavioural frequency by reinforcing the target behaviour if it occurs at or
above a certain rate
✔✔Define: DRH - ✔✔Differential Reinforcment of High Rate
✔✔What is the defining characteristic of operant behaviour? - ✔✔The behaviour is
sensitive to its consequences
✔✔Define: PRN - ✔✔Pro Re Nata
✔✔Define: Pro Re Nata - ✔✔As occasion arises
✔✔Define: Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behaviour
✔✔What is the effect of extinction? - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of the target
behaviour
✔✔Define: Forgetting - ✔✔A deterioration in performance due to the lack of opportunity
to perform the behaviour
✔✔Define: Partial Reinforcement Effect - ✔✔Increased Resistance to Extinction
following intermittant reinforcement
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing an alternative behaviour instead of the target behaviour
✔✔How are normal and abnormal behaviour functionally equivalent? - ✔✔They serve
the same purpose or produce the same consequences (Edward Carr)
✔✔Define: DRI - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement Incompatible Behaviour
, ✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing a behaviour that incompatible with the target behaviour
✔✔What are the rules of using differential reinforcement - ✔✔1. Define the target
behaviour2. Put the undesirable target behaviour on extinction3. Reinforce the desirable
target behaviour (or rate of behaviour)4. Monitor the results
✔✔Define: Task Analysis - ✔✔The process of breaking a behaviour chain into its
component parts
✔✔Define: Shaping - ✔✔The successive approximation of behaviour
✔✔How can you introduce variability in a learner who is stuck at a particular point in
shaping? - ✔✔Withhold reinforcement
✔✔Define: Behaviour Chain - ✔✔A sequence of related behaviours, each of which
provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Chaining - ✔✔The reinforcement of succssive elements of a behaviour chain
✔✔Define: Discrimination Training - ✔✔Any procedure that results in a target behaviour
having different frequencies in different situations
✔✔Define: S delta - ✔✔An event in the presence of which a behaviour is not reinforced
✔✔Define: S dee - ✔✔An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is
reinforced
✔✔Define: Discriminative Stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target
behaviour is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency
✔✔Define: Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔The tendency for behaviour to have different
frequencies in different situations
✔✔What can be done to improve generalization? - ✔✔1. observe natural communnities
and reinforce the target behaviour in that context
2. Diversify examplars
3. Loosen experimental control over stimuli and responses involved in training
4. Make unclear the limits of training contingencies
5. Use stimuli that are likely to be found in generalization settings during training
6. Reinforce accurate self reports
7. When generalizations occur, reinforce some of them.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Define: Contingency Contract - ✔✔An agreement between two or more parties
about what each is to do for the other
✔✔Define: Stretching the Ration - ✔✔Gradually increasing the number of times a
behaviour must be performed to qualify for reinforcement
✔✔Define: Ration Strain - ✔✔A reduction in the rate of target behaviour and an
increase in emotional behaivour resulting from increases in the ratio of behaviour to
reinforcment
✔✔How can you recognize a fixed interval schedule on a cumulitive frequency graph? -
✔✔The scalloped pattern reflects the lack of effort post reinforcement and the high
degree of effort pre-reinforcement
✔✔Define: Maintenance Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcment schedule that maintains a target
behaviour at a desired rate.
✔✔Define: Train sufficient exemplars - ✔✔Train enough variants of the environment or
of the behaviour and the target behaviour will generalize
✔✔Define: Sequential Modification - ✔✔Train and then evaluate for generalization and
retrain if necessary
✔✔Define: Train and Hope - ✔✔Teaching individuals a desired skill within a treatment
session and hoping the individual will generalize the use of that skill w/out
implementation of a pre-determined plan or strategy to facilitate generalization
✔✔What are the rules for increasing generalization? - ✔✔1. Define the target behaviour
so as to include many variations.2. Make the training situations resemble natural
situations3. Monitor the target behaviour in natural settings
✔✔Define: Response Generalization - ✔✔The tendency of the effects of training one
behaviour to spread to other behaviours
✔✔Define: Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training in one
situation to spread to other situations
✔✔Define: Generalization - ✔✔The tendency for the effects of training to spread
✔✔What can be done to ensure maintenance of learned behaviours? - ✔✔1. Continue
the intervention well after the target behaviour has changed.2. Expose the target
,behaviour to its natural reinforcers3. Teach the person to obtain reinforcement for the
target behaviour.4. Shape tolerance for delayed and uncertain reinforcement.5. Fade
the intervention program
✔✔What needs to be available before you attempt to change a target behaviour? -
✔✔A natural reinforcer (Carr et al.)
✔✔In a token economy, what is defined ahead of time? - ✔✔The back up reinforcers
✔✔What does DRO stand for and what is it equivalent to? - ✔✔Differential
Reinforcement of Other, equivalent to DRA
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcment of High Rate Behaviour - ✔✔A procedure for
increasing behavioural frequency by reinforcing the target behaviour if it occurs at or
above a certain rate
✔✔Define: DRH - ✔✔Differential Reinforcment of High Rate
✔✔What is the defining characteristic of operant behaviour? - ✔✔The behaviour is
sensitive to its consequences
✔✔Define: PRN - ✔✔Pro Re Nata
✔✔Define: Pro Re Nata - ✔✔As occasion arises
✔✔Define: Extinction - ✔✔Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behaviour
✔✔What is the effect of extinction? - ✔✔To reduce the frequency of the target
behaviour
✔✔Define: Forgetting - ✔✔A deterioration in performance due to the lack of opportunity
to perform the behaviour
✔✔Define: Partial Reinforcement Effect - ✔✔Increased Resistance to Extinction
following intermittant reinforcement
✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Alternate behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing an alternative behaviour instead of the target behaviour
✔✔How are normal and abnormal behaviour functionally equivalent? - ✔✔They serve
the same purpose or produce the same consequences (Edward Carr)
✔✔Define: DRI - ✔✔Differential Reinforcement Incompatible Behaviour
, ✔✔Define: Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviour - ✔✔The procedure of
reinforcing a behaviour that incompatible with the target behaviour
✔✔What are the rules of using differential reinforcement - ✔✔1. Define the target
behaviour2. Put the undesirable target behaviour on extinction3. Reinforce the desirable
target behaviour (or rate of behaviour)4. Monitor the results
✔✔Define: Task Analysis - ✔✔The process of breaking a behaviour chain into its
component parts
✔✔Define: Shaping - ✔✔The successive approximation of behaviour
✔✔How can you introduce variability in a learner who is stuck at a particular point in
shaping? - ✔✔Withhold reinforcement
✔✔Define: Behaviour Chain - ✔✔A sequence of related behaviours, each of which
provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
✔✔Define: Chaining - ✔✔The reinforcement of succssive elements of a behaviour chain
✔✔Define: Discrimination Training - ✔✔Any procedure that results in a target behaviour
having different frequencies in different situations
✔✔Define: S delta - ✔✔An event in the presence of which a behaviour is not reinforced
✔✔Define: S dee - ✔✔An event in the presence of which the target behaviour is
reinforced
✔✔Define: Discriminative Stimulus - ✔✔Any event in the presence of which a target
behaviour is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency
✔✔Define: Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔The tendency for behaviour to have different
frequencies in different situations
✔✔What can be done to improve generalization? - ✔✔1. observe natural communnities
and reinforce the target behaviour in that context
2. Diversify examplars
3. Loosen experimental control over stimuli and responses involved in training
4. Make unclear the limits of training contingencies
5. Use stimuli that are likely to be found in generalization settings during training
6. Reinforce accurate self reports
7. When generalizations occur, reinforce some of them.
