Essential Biology for Cambridge IGCSE (PDF Edition)

Essential




Biology

for Cambridge ®

IGCSE

2nd Edition




Gareth Williams




Richard Fosbery




Series Editor: Lawrie Ryan

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, Contents




Introduction 1 7.3 Balancing energy needs 74




7.4 Starvation and nutrient deciency 76

Unit 1 Characteristics and classication


7.5 Digestion 78

of living organisms 2


7.6 Teeth 80



1.1 Characteristics of living organisms 2
7.7 Mouth, oesophagus and stomach 82



1.2 Classication 4
7.8 Small intestine and absorption 84



1.3 Features of organisms 6
7.9 Large intestine and intestinal disease 86



1.4 Vertebrates 8
Practice questions 88



1.5 Invertebrates 10



Unit 8 Plant transport 90
1.6 Ferns and owering plants 12




1.7 Dichotomous keys 14 8.1 Transport systems 90




Practice questions 16 8.2 Water uptake 92




8.3 Transpiration 94

Unit 2 Cells 18


8.4 Translocation 96



2.1 Structure of cells 18
Practice questions 98



2.2 Cell organelles 20



Unit 9 Transport in humans 100
2.3 Different types of cell 22




2.4 Levels of organisation 24 9.1 Circulation 100




Practice questions 26 9.2 The heart 102




9.3 Heart and exercise 104

Unit 3 Movement in and out of cells 28


9.4 Blood vessels 106



3.1 Diffusion 28
9.5 Coronary heart disease (CHD) 108



3.2 Osmosis 30
9.6 Blood 110



3.3 Osmosis in plant and animal cells 32
9.7 Blood in defence 112



3.4 Active transport 34
9.8 Lymph and tissue uid 114



Practice questions 36
Practice questions 116




Unit 4 Biological molecules 38
Unit 10 Diseases and immunity 118




4.1 Biological molecules 38
10.1 Disease 118



4.2 Chemical tests for biological molecules 40
10.2 Defence against disease 120



4.3 DNA 42
10.3 Aspects of immunity 122



Practice questions 44
10.4 Controlling the spread of disease 124




Practice questions 126
Unit 5 Enzymes 46




5.1 Structure and action of enzymes 46 Unit 11 Gas exchange in humans 128




5.2 Factors affecting enzyme action:
11.1 The gas exchange system 128



temperature 48
11.2 Gas exchange 130



5.3 Enzymes and pH 50
11.3 Breathing 132



Practice questions 52
11.4 Rate and depth of breathing 134




Practice questions 136
Unit 6 Plant nutrition 54




6.1 Photosynthesis 54 Unit 12 Respiration 138




6.2 What is needed for photosynthesis? 56
12.1 Aerobic respiration 138



6.3 Products of photosynthesis 58
12.2 Anaerobic respiration 140



6.4 Rate of photosynthesis 60
Practice questions 142



6.5 Glasshouse production 62



Unit 13 Excretion 144
6.6 Leaves 64




6.7 Mineral requirements 66 13.1 Excretion 144




Practice questions 68 13.2 Kidney structure 146




13.3 Kidney function 148

Unit 7 Animal nutrition 70


13.4 Kidney dialysis and kidney transplants 150



7.1 A balanced diet 70
Practice questions 152



7.2 Sources of nutrients 72




iii

, Contents




Unit 14 Coordination and response 154 Unit 18 Variation and selection 232




14.1 Nervous control in humans 154 18.1 Variation 232




14.2 Neurones and reex arcs 156 18.2 Mutations 234




14.3 Synapses and drugs 158 18.3 Adaptive features 236




14.4 Sense organs 160 18.4 Natural selection 238




14.5 The eye 162 18.5 Selective breeding 240




14.6 Hormones 164 Practice questions 242




14.7 Controlling conditions in the body 166


Unit 19 Organisms and their environment 244

14.8 Controlling body temperature 168



19.1 Energy ow 244
14.9 Tropic responses 170



19.2 Pyramids of numbers and biomass 246
Practice questions 172



19.3 Shortening the food chain 248



Unit 15 Drugs 174
19.4 Nutrient cycles 250




15.1 Drugs 174 19.5 The nitrogen cycle 252




15.2 Heroin 176 19.6 Populations, communities and




15.3 Alcohol and the misuse of drugs ecosystems 254




in sport 178 19.7 Human populations 256




15.4 Smoking and health 180 Practice questions 258




Practice questions 182


Unit 20 Biotechnology and genetic




Unit 16 Reproduction 184 engineering 260




16.1 Asexual and sexual reproduction 184 20.1 Microorganisms and biotechnology 260




16.2 Flower structure 186 20.2 Enzymes and biotechnology 262




16.3 Pollination 188 20.3 Fermenters 264




16.4 Fertilisation and seed formation 190 20.4 Genetic engineering 266




16.5 The male reproductive system 192 Practice questions 268




16.6 The female reproductive system 194


Unit 21 Human inuences on ecosystems 270

16.7 Fertilisation and implantation 196



21.1 Food supply 270
16.8 Pregnancy 198



21.2 Habitat destruction 272
16.9 Ante-natal care and birth 200



21.3 Pollution 274
16.10 Sex hormones 202



21.4 Water pollution 276
16.11 The menstrual cycle 204



21.5 The greenhouse effect 278
16.12 Methods of birth control 206



21.6 Acid rain 280
16.13 Control of fertility 208



21.7 Sustainable resources 282
16.14 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) 210



21.8 Sewage treatment and recycling 284
Practice questions 212



21.9 Endangered species 286



Unit 17 Inheritance 214
21.10 Conservation 288




17.1 Chromosomes, genes and DNA 214 Practice questions 290




17.2 Protein synthesis 216 Alternative to practical paper 292




17.3 Mitosis 218 Glossary 298




17.4 Meiosis 220 Index 307




17.5 Inheritance and genes 222




17.6 Monohybrid inheritance 224




17.7 Codominance 226




17.8 Sex linkage 228




Practice questions 230




iv