Edexcel A-Level History: Tudors Correct answers Verified

1509 - ANSWERSWhen did Henry VIII become king? April 1502 - ANSWERSWhen did Prince Arthur die? Henry wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, because she hadn't provided him with a son, and he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn; this was called the King's Great Matter - ANSWERSWhy did Henry VIII want to break from the Catholic Church? 1527-34 - ANSWERSWhen was the King's Great Matter? Cromwell advised Henry to put pressure on the church; by forced the Catholic Church in England to support his annulment, Cromwell believed the Pope would follow suit; the pope did not give in, and pressure on the church got greater each year - ANSWERSWhat did Henry VIII do to try to force the Pope to grant him an annulment? The Reformation Parliament, which met between 1527-34, which passed religious reformations - ANSWERSWhat organisation was used to put pressure of the Catholic Church in England? A parliamentary act that allowed Henry VIII full control over the Church of England; Henry became the Supreme Head of the Church, giving him legal authority over the church - ANSWERSWhat was the 1534 Act of Supremacy? Caused conflicts between conservatives and reformers at court, which mirrored public discontent; conservatives (led by Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, and Bishop Stephen Gardiner) wanted to keep the Catholic Church; Reformers (led by Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury) wanted the church to become more Protestant - ANSWERSWhat was the response to the break from Rome? Financial: the Crown needed more permanent income, and monasteries were seen as an easy target due to the crisis regarding the church; many believed monasteries preferred Papal primacy over Royal supremacy; monasteries had been condemned as a drain on the nation's wealth; monastic vocation was in decline - ANSWERSWhat were the causes of the dissolution of the monasteries? A parliamentary act that declared that all monasteries with an annual income less than £200 was to be dissolved and its land given to the Crown (300 monasteries fell under this Act) - ANSWERSWhat was the 1536 Act for the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries? A parliamentary act that allowed all monasteries to be close; by the time it was passed, few monasteries were left, as many had been closed during the period 1536-37 (although this was stopped during the Pilgrimage of Grace) - ANSWERSWhat was the 1539 Act for the Dissolution of the Great Monasteries? An uprising that started in Louth, Lincolnshire, in response to rumours that the King intended to close the local church and monastery (the rumours sprouted from the recent visit from Cromwell's commissioners); as news of the Louth riots spread, riots began in other towns; rioters marched on Lincoln, to present the King with a list of demands; in response to the uprising, Henry VIII sent an army to Lincoln, the arrivial of which quelled the rebellion - ANSWERSWhat was the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536? A rebellion in Yorkshire led by Robert Aske, which opposed the break from Rome and dissolution of the monasteries; largest rebellion of 16th century (30-40 thousand rebels) - ANSWERSWhat was the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536-37? Lord Hussey and Lord Darcy - ANSWERSWho were the noble supporters of the Pilgrimage of Grace? Over 30,000 - ANSWERSHow many rebels joined the Pilgrimage of Grace Henry did not appreciate the the seriousness of the Pilgrimage of Grace, as he was preoccupied with Lincolnshire, and the royal army headed by Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, took a month to arrive - ANSWERSWhat was Henry VIII's initial reaction to the Pilgrimage of Grace? A list of demands drawn up by Robert Aske for the Pilgrimage of Grace, which were given to Henry VIII - ANSWERSWhat were the Pontefract Articles? The legitimisation of Princess Mary (Mary I); Cromwell's dismissal; a meeting of Parliament in York; the end of the closure of the monasteries; restoration of papal primacy in England - ANSWERSWhat were the demands of the Pontefract Articles? Son of a landowner who was a lawyer; never intended to join the rebellion, but stumbled into the Lincolnshire Uprising whilst travelling to London, when he was captured by rebels and persuaded to join, after which he became the leader - ANSWERSWho was Robert Aske? The Duke of Norfolk issued a pardon for Aske and he was invited to the King's Court to negotiate an agreement; whilst Aske was in London, Bigod's rising started in January 1537; Aske was blamed for Bigod's rising and was executed in York in July 1537 - ANSWERSHow did the Pilgrimage of Grace end? Henry feared rebellion; knew his religious changes may lead to armed opposition; initially tried to use military force, but army was severely outnumbered (4,000 soldier to 40,000 rebels); used diplomacy and deceived the rebels into thinking he would give into demands and give all rebels a free pardon; cause rebels to disperse, but then many were hunted down and executed - ANSWERSWhat was Henry VIII's role in suppressing the Pilgrimage of Grace? Had most significant influence on the Church; powerful influence in Royal Circles and was seen as "an agent of Satan" (why rebels wanted him dismissed); advised the King to use the rebels' loyalty to him against them, prolong negotiations (to raise a bigger army), and feign sympathy (so Aske would dismiss the rebels) - ANSWERSWhat was Thomas Cromwell's role in suppressing the Pilgrimage of Grace? He was a religious conservative, and an opponent of Cromwell, but did not oppose the King's religious changes; engineered the rebels defeat by deceiving Aske - ANSWERSWhat was the role of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, in suppressing the Pilgrimage of Grace? Naivety of the rebels: they proclaimed loyalty to Henry and believed his promises (due to belief in Great Chain of Being); Aske's error in disbanding the rebels; failure of the Pilgrims to press their advantage against Henry - ANSWERSWhy did the Pilgrimage of Grace fail? None of the rebels' aims were achieved; never seriously threatened the king, but threatened law and order (this is why it failed, because a king couldn't let a rebellion go unpunished - set a dangerous precedent); Henry was able to effectively disperse rebels by deceiving Aske; in the aftermath, the ringleaders were executed and Henry ordered Norfolk to impose martial law in the North to restore order - ANSWERSWhat was the impact of the Pilgrimage of Grace? 200 rebels put to death (excluding leaders); noble supporters were beheaded; Norfolk hunted insurgents in the North (executions occurred in Lincolnshire, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Yorkshire) - ANSWERSWhat was the extent of the repression after the Pilgrimage of Grace? Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset - ANSWERSWho was the first Lord Protector of Edward VI? Price inflation; rising population; increased unemployment; enclosure; debasement of coinage - ANSWERSWhat were the main social and economic problems at the time of Kett's Rebellion? Declining living standards (due to inflation/rising population); migration from villages to towns (due to unemployment); instability of Antwerp cloth market (caused unemployment for cloth workers); cloth was England's biggest export, so led to repercussions in dependent communities; increased grain prices (due to inflation/poor harvests) - ANSWERSWhat were the causes for Kett's Rebellion? End the debasement of coinage, which he refused to do - ANSWERSWhat was Somerset advised to do to fix inflation? End illegal enclosure; he created a commission to collect evidence/enforce the end of enclosure in June 1548 - ANSWERSWhat did Somerset do to try and fix inflation? Reduce depopulation in rural areas; end rural poverty; increase grain production by discouraging sheep grazing - ANSWERSWhat were Somerset's aims in ending enclosure? A harsh law to discourage vagrancy; anyone without work for three days would be branded and sold into slavery for 2 years; children of vagrants would be put into apprenticeships; the law was widely unpopular and many authority figures refused to enforce it; damaged Somerset's reputation - ANSWERSWhat was the 1547 Vagrancy Act ? Maintaining law and order; shown through three proclamations issued in 1548 that focused on maintaining law and order; Vagrancy Act was so harsh because the Government believed vagrants were the cause of rebellion and disorder - ANSWERSWhat was the Government's primary concern in 1549? The fencing off of common land for sheep grazing, and the subsequent eviction of tenants living on owned land - ANSWERSWhat was enclosure? Peasants named Somerset "The Good Duke" due to his actions against enclosure; self-interested gentry tried to block Somerset's commission, which led to riots in some areas (i.e. in Buckinghamshire); the commission was divisive as it failed to end enclosure disputes - ANSWERSWhat was the response to Somerset's enclosure commission? They wanted to maximise profit from their land by moving from arable farming to pastoral farming to take advantage of the profitable wool trade (which caused unemployment) - ANSWERSWhy did landlords enclose land? His intervention only made things worse and cause further unrest; he passed measures such as limiting leasehold sizes and a wool tax, but these only affected the poor, as rich landowners could avoid the tax; increased tension between landowners and tenants, which eventually led to riots - ANSWERSHow far were Somerset's efforts to end enclosure effective? In East Anglia, which was the most populated and industrialised part of England (Norwich was the second biggest town in England) - ANSWERSWhere did Kett's rebellion start? High rents, unrest over enclousre, and the attitudes of unsympathetic landowners such as Sir John Flowerdew - ANSWERSWhat triggered uprisings in East Anglia? Robert Kett, who became involved in the rebellion when he offered to become the spokesman of the rebels after they were set upon his lands by Flowerdew - ANSWERSWho was the leader of Kett's Rebellion? He showed organisational skill and decisive leadership; he was able to amass an army of 16,000 men and take Norwich in July 1549; he was able to form a governing council and maintain order in Norwich; he tried gentry members via his council; his base was on Mousehold Heath - ANSWERSHow effective was Kett as a leader? The end of enclosure; rents reduced to levels under Henry VII; rivers to be opened to all for fishing; fishermen allowed a greater share of profit from sea fishing; all bondmen (servants) to be set free; the removal and punishment of corrupt officials; the removal of incompetent priests - ANSWERSWhat were the demands of Kett's Rebellion They believed they would recognise the justice of the cause and settle demands amicably; ignorant of the fact the Gov could not let rebels go unpunished - ANSWERSHow did Kett's rebels expect the Government to respond? A tanner and small landowner who had tried to enclose on some common land; had property worth £600 (£185,000 today); was a man of authority in his community; had a dispute with Sir John Flowerdew, who tried to set rebels on him for his enclosure - ANSWERSWho was Robert Kett? He first became involved in May 1549; rebels tried to attack the enclosures of Sir John Flowerdew, who paid them to attack Kett's enclosure; when the mob turned up at Kett's house, he agreed to the destruction of his enclosure and offered to be their leader - ANSWERSWhat was Kett's role in the rebellion? Kett had refused the Royal pardon offered to him by Somerset and had defeated a royal army led by the Marquis of Northampton in July 1549; a second royal army led by the Duke of Warwick, John Dudley, arrived in August 1549, which defeated Kett in battle; Kett was captured a day after the battle, and was taken to the Tower of London, where he was tried for treason, and subsequently executed in December 1549 - ANSWERSHow did Kett's Rebellion end? Somerset's leadership was often questioned; his critics disliked his ambition and dictatorial method of conduct, and his policies and their inconsistent application of policies; had been hailed as a hero by the public for his efforts against enclosure - ANSWERSWhat was Somerset like as a leader? Somerset was surprised by the outbreak of rebellion; initially wanted to use military force, but then tried to use diplomacy; expressed sympathy to the rebels and offered them pardons, saying he would call a parliament to discuss their issues; his policies angered privy councillors as he did not consult them; he was pressured into send the Marquis of Northampton's army after the fall of Norwich - ANSWERSHow did Somerset handle the rebellion? He was a popular member of the privy council of Edward VI; was a gifted politician and military leader; his consensus based method of conduct made him popular - ANSWERSWhat was John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, like as a leader? He took advantage of Somerset's failures (Somerset actually turned to Warwick for help); commanded the army that defeated Kett's rebellion and was able to capture Kett (helped by Kett's error to move from the defensible Mousehold heath to Dussindale); Warwick then moved against Somerset, and replaced him as Lord Protector in October 1549 - ANSWERSWhat was the Earl of Warwick's role in suppressing Kett's Rebellion? Many believed Somerset and Edward VI were sympathetic to their cause; Kett lacked military knowledge; Kett lost his nerve and moved from Mousehold Heath to the less defensive Dussindale; his untrained army was crushed by the professional army; none of the rebellion's demands were met - ANSWERSWhy did Kett's rebellion fail? Cause the downfall of Somerset politically, who was replaced by the Earl of Warwick, who became the Duke of Northumberland; Somerset's indecision and refusal to command the armies undermined his power; the privy councillors turned on Somerset and forced him to step down; Somerset's social reform programme ended when he fell from power and the enclosure commission ended; approximately 2,000 rebels were killed at the Battle of Dussindale, which cause a economic/social impact, as many families lost their main source of income; increased poverty - ANSWERSWhat was the impact of Kett's Rebellion? The ringleaders of the rebellion were tried and executed; non-residents were expelled from Norwich; Northumberland (Warwick) did not repress the populace like Henry VIII did after the PoG; local law enforcement were told to maintain order and deal with any riot attempts - ANSWERSWhat was the extent of the repression after Kett's Rebellion? The Earl of Northumberland and the Earl of Westmorland had concerns about the influence of Protestantism over the church, and the 1559 Church Settlement, which had reinstated royal supremacy over the church (papal primacy had been restored under Mary I) - ANSWERSWhat were the religous causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569-70? The arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots, which caused issues regarding succession; the Northern Earls had been sidelined by the Elizabethan regime, which didn't trust them due their Catholic sympathies; she placed trusted Southerners in powerful positions in the North (i.e. the Earl of Sussex was the President of the Council of the North, and James Pilkington was made Bishop of Durham - Pilkington was widely hated in the north due to his aggressive protestant preaching) - ANSWERSWhat were the political causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls; Elizabeth's closest adviser at the beginning of her reign; had unrivalled political importance; was a target for court factions; as chief minister he was responsible for the co-ordination of the implementation of policies - ANSWERSWho was William Cecil? Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who was the Queens favourite; however, they were frequently on the same side, and when they weren't neither wanted the other executed - ANSWERSWho was Cecil's biggest rival at court? Limited, as both were excluded from high office; both were supporters of the Duke of Norfolk's (Thomas Howard) faction - ANSWERSWhat level of influence did Westmorland and Northumberland have at Court? Thomas Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, the Earl of Westmorland - ANSWERSWho were the main leaders of the Revolt of the Northern Earls? Mary was the granddaughter of Henry VII, and Elizabeth's cousin; Mary also had an heir (her son James), which Elizabeth did not; the question of who would succeed Elizabeth had been called into question when Elizabeth contracted smallpox in 1562, but she was reluctant to name Mary her heir because she could've married and had a son - ANSWERSWhat was Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, claim to the English throne? 1568, after being forced to abdicate the Scottish throne, she fled to England to seek refuge - ANSWERSWhen and why did Mary, Queen of Scots, arrive in England? Catholics opposed to Elizabeth and her Protestant reforms saw Mary as a Catholic heir to the English throne; the detention of Mary was a catalyst for a Catholic uprising - ANSWERSWhy was Mary, Queen of Scots, a threat to Elizabeth I? The Duke of Norfolk resented Elizabeth's favour of William Cecil and planned to secure control of the crown by marrying Mary; the plot was discovered, which led to his arrest and the collapse of his court faction - ANSWERSWhat was the Norfolk plot involving Mary, Queen of Scots? Release Mary, and send her back to Scotland or to France, but this created the possibility of a war in Scotland, which would be dangerous for England, so her release was not a viable option; Mary could be kept in captivity where she could be monitored; although there was the possibility of plots to free her, this is what Elizabeth chose to do - ANSWERSWhat were Elizabeth I options for dealing with Mary, Queen of Scots? They feared they might be arrested due to their involvement in the Norfolk plot, despite Norfolk's advice not to - ANSWERSWhy did the Norther Earls rebel? Westmorland wanted to revolt to support Norfolk, whereas Northumberland was unwilling to do so - ANSWERSWhat was the Northern Earl's response to Norfolk's plot being exposed? The Earls issued a proclamation against "new found religion and heresy", claiming they did not want to remove Elizabeth, but wanted Mary freed; the capture of Durham; the siege of Bernard Castle - ANSWERSWhat were the main events of the Revolt of the Northern Earls? The Earls wanted a victory to attract supporters and show the Crown the seriousness of their rebellion; they marched on Durham, an important city in the region, and captured it easily due to its lack of defences; the rebels then took Durham Cathedral and tore down any evidence of Protestantism and restored the Mass; they then prepared to march South to free Mary in Tutbury, but only got as far as Bramham More (York) - ANSWERSWhat happened at the capture of Durham? Barnard Castle was attacked because it's constable, Sir George Bowes, had refused to join the revolt; around 5,000 surrounded and attacked the Castle; Bowes had 400 men and good defenses, but lack of food meant the rebels were able to starve the guards out; Bowes waited for royal forces to relieve them but they took too long; the siege lasted 11 days, until guards started climbing the walls to join the rebels, which forced Bowes to surrender - ANSWERSWhat happened at the Siege of Barnard Castle? Upon hearing news that a 10,000 man royal army was marching North to meet the rebels, they disbanded and fled to Scotland; the revolt was over without a major confrontation, although Leonard Darce, the Baron of Darce, did rebel with 3,000 men in January 1570, but this was crushed by Lord Hunsdon; the rebellion achieved very little - ANSWERSHow did the Revolt of the Norther Earls end? The revolt started on 9 November 1569, and ended on 16 December - it was little over a month long - ANSWERSWhen was the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how long did it last? Poor leadership on the part of Westmorland and Northumberland, as they did not inspire confidence due to them being reluctant rebels; the revolt took place in the middle of winter, which meant the revolt could not take advantage of good weather or plentiful food; the revolt failed to inspire revolution anywhere but the north; the Crown responded with a strong military force that were able to scare the dwindling rebel force - ANSWERSWhy did the Revolt of the Northern Earls fail? Westmorland managed to escape but Northumberland was executed; Norfolk was also executed for treason in 1572; 800 rebels were convicted of treason, although only 450 were executed; caused the government to order enforcement of the Act of Uniformity, which ordered regular visitation of churches; caused the Pope to excommunicate Elizabeth in 1570, which freed English Catholics of their allegiance to her, but they could thus be persecuted for treason - ANSWERSWhat was the impact of the Revolt of the Northern Earls? A religious policy that focused on finding a middle way between Catholicism; this was due to Elizabeth not wanting to alienate her subjects or provoke Catholic foreign nations - ANSWERSWhat was Elizabeth's Via Media policy? A parliamentary legislation the reinstated Royal Supremacy in the Church, and set out the way the church should be run; it was deliberately vague as to appeal to Protestants without alienating Catholics; however it was never fully embraced by Catholic conseratives - ANSWERSWhat was Elizabeth's 1559 Religious Settlement? Mary's arrival in 1568; the Revolt of the Northern Earls in 1659; Elizabeth's excommunication in 1570 - ANSWERSWhy did Elizabeth abandon the Via Media policy in 1570? The English church became more protestant; religious non-conformity was outlawed and not attending parish church was punishable by fines, with persistent offenders being persecuted - ANSWERSWhat was the result of the abandonment of Via Media? An effort by the Catholic Church to spread Catholicism in England in response to Elizabeth's religious policy; seminaries were established in Europe to send priests to England to spread the Catholic faith; these priests and their books were outlawed, and many priests were imprisoned or executed - ANSWERSWhat was the Catholic Counter-Reformation? Hugh O'Neill (referred to as O'Neill/Tyrone), who had claimed leadership over the O'Neill clan and the title of Lord Dungannon, wanted Elizabeth to make him Earl of Tyrone (he was supported by Hugh Roe O'Donnell; Hugh O'Neill's rivalry with Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill for the O'Neill leadership caused political instability; Henry Bagenal wanted to increase his power in Ulster at the expense of the O'Neills, so wanted Elizabeth to make him the first President of Ulster, which caused warfare with O'Neill; competing factions in Court sought to influence Elizabeth's Irish policy; rivalries between Irish clans; rivalries between Old English families in Ireland and the Irish clans, as the Old English families wished to eliminate the power of the clans; the influence of Spain in Irish politics via bribery/promises of support for a rebellion - ANSWERSWhat were the causes of the Nine Years War? O'Neill and O'Donnell had been able to mend relationships between several large Irish clans, and recruit them, turning their rebellion to a national struggle for independence (their collaboration shocked the English who had used Irish rivalries to keep control); they also received support from Spain, as Phillip II wanted revenge on Elizabeth for the Armada, and so provided financial and military support - ANSWERSHow much much support did Hugh O'Neill and Hugh Roe O'Donnell receive and how significant was it? Several Irish lords of Ulster (O'Donnell, along with Hugh Maguire and Brian O'Rourke) suspected the Crown planned to reduce their power whilst empowering English sheriffs, so formed a Catholic league with the support of two Northern archbishops; they planned to first build revolt in Ulster, then spread to the rest of Ireland by appealing to other dissatisfied Irish lords - ANSWERSWhat happened prior to the outbreak of the Nine Years War? Hugh Maguire revolted first in 1593, although he suffered a defeat at Tulsk, he raided Monaghan and Enniskillen in 1594 (O'Neill was not involved at this point, having just been granted the Earldom of Tyrone, and did not want to risk his new power - in fact, the Crown asked Tyrone to help in suppressing the revolt, but he eventually joined the revolt) - ANSWERSWhat happened at the outbreak of the Nine Years War? Marked Tyrone's assumption of the position of leader of the rebels; Tyrone ordered the siege of Monaghan castle in order to eliminate the string of English garrisons on the border of his territory; the English sent relief to Monaghan castle via Sir Henry Bagenal, who marched to the castle with an army of 1,750 men; after relieving the castle, he went to march to Newry, but was ambushed at Clontibret by Tyrone's force of 4,000 men, who defeated Bagenal's army, which suffered considerable losses - ANSWERSWhat happened at the Battle of Clontibret, 1595? Bagenal spent three years strengthening the English Garrisons; he was based at Newry, so Tyrone ordered a siege of Newry Castle; simultaneously, the garrison at Blackwater was under siege, so Bagenal decided to send support; Bagenal's army didn't reach Blackwater, as they were forced to fight at Yellow Ford in August 1598; Bagenal's 4,000 man army was confronted by Tyrone's 5,000 man force; the Irish rebels won and Bagenal was killed in the battle (serious blow to English authority) - ANSWERSWhat happened at the battle of Yellow Ford, 1598? April 1599, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, was sent to Ireland to lead English forces and end the rebellion, and was supported by Sir Conyers Clifford, President of Connacht; Clifford led a military expedition to Collooney, but was ambushed in the Curlew Mountains by O'Donnell; Clifford's 2,000 men were defeated by O'Donnell's 1,500 men, and Clifford and 200 of his men were killed - ANSWERSWhat happened at the Battle of Curlew Pass, 1599? In September 1601, 28 Spanish ships arrived in Kinsdale with 3,300 men, which shocked the English, although the Spanish had been advised by Tyrone to land in Munster; Tyrone and O'Donnell marched 6,000 men south to meet the Spanish, but the new Lord Deputy, Lord Mountjoy (Charles Blount), had already acted and started a siege on Kinsdale with 12,000 men; On Christmas Eve 1601, the armies clashed at Kinsdale, resulting in an English victory; O'Donnell fled to Spain, whilst Tyrone returned to Ulster; on 2 January, the Spanish surrendered - ANSWERSWhat happened at the Battle of Kinsdale, 1601? Marked the end of the Nine Years War; the President of Munster, George Carew, started a sweep of Munster to eliminate remaining rebel forces; Dunboy Castle had been captured by rebels, but proved difficult to recapture; the 143 rebels were led by Richard MacGeohegan, but faced 5,000 English soldiers alongside a fleet of ships laying siege via sea; Dunboy Castle was attacked on 17 June after two weeks of Siege, which resulted in an English Victory, despite many casualities; members of the rebel force were either killed in the assault or hanged afterwards - ANSWERSWhat happened to the siege of Dunboy, 1602? Son of the Baron of Dungannon, and thus had a claim to the leadership of the O'Neill clan; he was educated in England but was loyal to his family interests; Tyrone was in conflict with Turlough O'Neill for leadership of the clan; the Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1594, John Perrot, wanted to split to O'Neill leadership to satisfy the two claimants, and as it would weaken the power of the O'Neills, and thus make Ulster (the last Irish province to submit to English rule) easier to control; however, Tyrone opposed this, which led him to join the rebels - ANSWERSWhat was the Earl of Tyrone's role in leading Tyrone's Rebellion? Heir of Lord of Tyrconnell; O'Donnell was involved in a bitter feud regarding his inheritance of the Tyrconnell lordship; Lord Deputy Perrot wanted to use this to weaken the O'Donnell clan; in 1587 O'Donnell was kidnapped by Perrot and held captive in Dublin Castle; he escaped in 1592, and became a fierce enemy of the English; he lacked Tyrone's tactical prowess, but was a skilled soldier and field commander - ANSWERSWhat was Hugh Roe O'Donnell's role in leading Tyrone's rebellion? Became Marshal of the army in Ireland in 1590; he had a personal grudge against Tyrone as Tyrone had eloped with Bagenal's sister, Mabel, without Bagenal's blessing; he had significant military exploits during the Nine Years War; he defeared Hugh Maguire in 1593, but suffered several losses at the hands of Tyrone, until he was killed at the Battle of Yellow Ford - ANSWERSWhat was the role of Sir Henry Bagenal in suppressing Tyrone's rebellion? Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Elizabeth in 1599; planned to crush Tyrone with a short campaign in Ulster, but underestimated the strength of Tyrone's forces, so instead went to attack Tyrone's allies in Leinster and Munster; he captured Cahir castle and relieved garrisons at Askeaton, and tried to prevent the rumoured Spanish invasion, which he failed to do; when Essex realised the Tyrone was not going to be easy to defeat, he negotiated a treaty as he did not want to be involved with a long military campaign; this angered Elizabeth, who ordered his return to Court, ending his involvement in Ireland - ANSWERSWhat was the role of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex Mountjoy became Lord Deputy in 1600; he used scorched-earth tactics to deprive the rebels of food, which was effective yet hurt Irish citizens; Mountjoy was able to defeat Tyrone at the Battle of Kinsdale with his 12,000 strong army, after successfully laying siege to the Spanish invasion at Kinsdale port; Tyrone retreated to Ulster and the surrendered in December 1602; negotiations ended in March 1603, and the Nine Years War ended with an English victory, thanks to Mountjoy - ANSWERSWhat was the role of Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, in suppressing Tyrone's Rebellion? Tyrone's leadership, as he was organised and skilled; the inspirational quality of O'Donnell, which raised moral of the army; Tyrone's success in creating alliances between the Irish clans, and creating an effective force from them; the failure of the Crown to appreciate the scale of the rebellion, and the subsequent lack of funding/resources; the Irish's use of guerrilla tactics; support from Scotland and Spain that sustained the rebels - ANSWERSWhy did the Nine Years War last for so long, ? The rebellion, although present throughout Ireland, was centred in Northern Ulster, and the national uprising predicted by Tyrone and his allies never came to fruition, and other uprisings were not as coordinated as Tyrone's; Mountjoy's effective yet harsh scorched-earth policy (reduced food supplies and peasant moral); the Spanish invasion was late and insufficient, and they stayed in Kinsdale after landing instead of pushing out, which forced Tyrone to moe despite the winter season - ANSWERSWhy did Tyrone's Rebellion fail? They had superior forces and resources, meaning they could endure the long war; they had gifted commanders such as Mountjoy and Carew; the Crown could reward those who opposed the rebels, and bribed several Irish lords into surrendering/remaining neutral/joining the English; they were able to defeat the Spanish invasion at Kinsdale, which was a turning point for the war, as the Spanish were reluctant to provide further help after - ANSWERSWhy did the English win the Nine Years War? Where the monarch lived; responsible for the monarch's domestic needs; existed on two levels: below stairs, which was servants who worked in kitchens, laundries, gardens, etc; above stairs, the royal family lived in the Privy Chamber, a series of apartments attached to the Royal Court (referred to as the Privy Chamber) - ANSWERSWhat was the Royal Household? A great hall which was used for government business/public meetings/entertainment; also contained the Presence chamber/throne room, where the monarch would dine/meet people in an intimate setting - ANSWERSWhat was the Royal Court? It grew in importance; Henry VII used it to restrict access to him; also collected/stored royal income, giving Henry personal access/control of funds; required the monarch to have time to spend on finances, which Tudors after Henry VII didn't - ANSWERSHow important was the Privy Chamber under Henry VII? A series of possible reforms proposed by Wolsey; it involved downsizing the Royal Household (due to it being to large/expensive); also proposed a council of 20 ministers that would advise the King; they were not implemented until after Wolsey's death - ANSWERSWhat were the Eltham Ordinances? Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief minister, who drew up the Eltham Ordinances - ANSWERSWho undertook the first serious attempt to reform the Royal Household? The people who staffed the Privy Chamber; under Henry VIII they were made up of his closest friends; they kept the dry stamp - ANSWERSWho were the Gentleman of the Chamber? A stamp of the monarch's signature used to sign documents (in the 1540s it was used by the Seymour faction to appoint supporters to the Chamber and change Henry's will) - ANSWERSWhat was the dry stamp? Became an important part of the political system because its members (Henry's friends/servants) held important government positions; link between gov and royal household became closer; became a route to power/influence over gov - ANSWERSHow important was the Privy Chamber under Henry VIII? Changed due to being dominated by nobility, namely Somerset and Northumberland, the two lord protectors, who governed on behalf of Edward, who was still a child; they filled the Royal Household with their supporters in order to influence Edward and control royal patronage; dry stamp also became more important due to Edward's age - ANSWERSHow did the Privy Chamber change under Edward VI? It became less important because they were staffed by women - ANSWERSHow did the importance of the Privy Chamber change under Elizabeth and Mary? She kept it under lock and key, and refused to let council members use it - ANSWERSHow did Mary control the dry stamp? It declined in importance, as Elizabeth favoured the more formal Privy Council - ANSWERSHow did the role of the Privy Chamber change under Elizabeth? It was a large body (200+ members) that included both Lancastrians and Yorkists; played a key role in government/administration due to Henry's lack of experience (due to him being a usurper); Henry used it instead of calling Parliament; important in gathering public opinion/advising on policy - ANSWERSWhat was the role Royal Council under Henry VII? A form of the Royal Coucil that involved all the English nobility; it advised on subjects such as taxation and war; most of the time Henry VII had already made up his mind on these matters and only called a Great Council to create the impression that he had consulted the nobility - ANSWERSWhat were Great Councils? Henry VIII had inherited his father's council, but replaced the members within two years, and Thomas Wolsey became the dominant influence until 1529; the average membership was around 40, but Wolsey's Eltham Ordinances intended to lower this to 20, but this never came about - ANSWERSHow did the Royal Council change under Henry VIII? A new council that emerged in 1540 that was based on Wolsey's Eltham Ordinances; it became the main government body under Elizabeth; it had existed for far longer but became politically important in 1540, when it assumed the role of the Monarch's chief minister - ANSWERSWhat was the Privy Council? It had collective responsibility for government and acted as an advisory council for the Monarch; its membership was reduced in 1540 to only include the most trusted advisors - ANSWERSWhat was the role of the Privy Council? The membership grew slightly because the king was a child, but it retained the same number of active members; it's role was somewhat reduced by Somerset, who appointed his supporters to key roles; Northumberland, however, re-emphasised the importance of the Council, although the Protector and King retained power - ANSWERSHow did the Privy Council change under Edward VI? The number of members increase as Mary wanted to have members from many religious convictions; however the number of active members was small (around 12) - ANSWERSHow did the Privy Council change under Mary I? It was able to issue proclamations in the monarch's name; it had its own clerk; under Mary it had its own seal, but it couldn't override the dry stamp - ANSWERSHow did the power of the Privy Council increase from 1540? It was small (membership number ranged from 19-11); it met wherever the monarch was, even if she was on a progress; it became the central governing body; as it became more important, its workload increased, which meant it met more frequently (in 1520-60, it met 3/4 times a week, but by the 1590s it met once/twice a day) - ANSWERSHow did the Privy Council change under Elizabeth I? In the 1530s, when Thomas Cromwell was appointed to the role - ANSWERSWhen did the role of Secretary first become important? Originally it was the private secretary of the monarch, and controlled the privy seal - ANSWERSWhat was the role of the Secretary? He was able to control Privy Council meetings, had unparalleled access to the king, and was able to access the King's personal correspondences - ANSWERSHow did Cromwell use his position as Secretary? It was split into two roles, possibly because of the increased workload, but also possibly to ensure that no-one help the same power as Cromwell again; however, one secretary always proved to be more dominant than the other; caused a decline in the political importance of the position - ANSWERSWhat happened to the position of secretary after Cromwell's fall from power in 1540? The post became very important as it became responsible for the day-to-day running of of the country; the role required tactfulness and the ability to manage the Privy Council smoothly; they risked exposure to the Queen's wrath if they make a mistake (i.e. secretary William Davison was blamed for sending Mary, Queen of Scot's death warrant in 1586 and was fined 10,000 marks and lost his post) - ANSWERSHow did the role of the Secretary change under Elizabeth? William Cecil held it 1558-72; Sir Francis Wallingham was Secretary 1573-90; the post was then vacant until 1596 when Robert Cecil became Secretary - ANSWERSWho held the post of Secretary under Elizabeth I? He created a network of clients via the use of patronage - ANSWERSHow did Robert Cecil use his position as secretary to build his personal power from 1596? No local government; local areas were controlled by nobility/Justices of the Peace (JPs) - ANSWERSWhat was the state of local government at the beginning of the Tudor period? First appointed local nobles to the positions in 1512-13 to raise an army in response to the war with France and Scotland; he appointed them again in 1536 to deal with the Pilgrimage of Grace; these were temporary positions - ANSWERSWhen did Henry VIII appoint Lord Lieutenants? Northumberland appointed Lord Lieutenants in 1549 to deal with Kett's rebellion; they had a military and police role - ANSWERSWhen were Lord Lieutenants appointed under Edward VI? In 1557-78, Mary divided the country into 10 districts and appointed a Lord Lieutenant to each, who was in charge of military recruitment; this was a temporary measure - ANSWERSHow did Mary I appoint Lord Lieutenants? It became permanent, and they were appointed to each county with a deputy; they were in charge of recruiting and training men for military service; they were always a local noble and were directly responsible to the Crown, making a link between nobility and service to the Crown; helped the monarch control the localities, and increased the power of the nobility - ANSWERSWhat happened to the role of Lord Lieutenant under Elizabeth I? 2 MPs were elected from every county and every borough; all 40 shilling freeholders could vote; elections were frequently uncontested because candidates were nominated by landowners; there were many franchises (right to vote) in borough - ANSWERSHow were MPs elected in the Tudor Period? 7 times, each time for taxation - ANSWERSHow many times did Henry VII summon Parliament? Henry summoned Parliament 4 times before 1529; parliament met more frequently after because the Reformation Parliament was necessary to help Henry break from Rome - ANSWERSHow many times did Henry VIII summon Parliament? Cooperative; disagreements did occur, but the aim was to secure legislation for Henry's domestic policies - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship like between Parliament and Henry VIII? 1515, MPs tried to limit privileges of the church (this resulted in MPs being brought before the Star Chamber and at least one was executed in the Tower of London); 1523, arguments occured over demands for subsidies to pay for war - ANSWERSWhat confrontations happened in Parliament under Henry? The Catholic Church was a powerful organisation; it performed baptisms/marriages/funerals; it provided alms for poor/medical care for the sick/was a source of education; it was a significant source of royal servants (i.e. Cardinal Wolsey); church festivals were key dates and were used in the farming year; theoretically, the Pope made all church appointments, but in reality, appointments were made by the monarch - ANSWERSWhat was the role of the Church at the beginning of the Tudor Period? Pluralism (a cleric holding multiple positions in the church); absenteeism (clerics being absent, either due to pluralism or royal service) Simony (a sin involving the buying/selling of church offices) ; nepotism; uneducated clergymen; the increasing wealth of higher clergymen; clergymen being too engaged in politics/government - ANSWERSWhat were some criticisms of the Catholic Church? It was well-liked and respected; most anticlericalism was muted whilst Wolsey was in power - ANSWERSWhat was the public opinion of the Catholic Church in the 1520s? There was an increase in anticlericalism due to protestants trying to justify the break from Rome; there was continued support for Catholicism in isolated areas (i.e. Yorksire/Lancashire/Devon/Cornwall) - ANSWERSWhat was the public opinion of the Catholic Church? Henry needed the Church's support for his invasion and upheld its privileges; he ignored this when he arrested Humphrey Stafford, who had sought sanctuary in a church; he also passed laws tightening up the church's benefits, apparently to clarify situations - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Henry VII and the Catholic Church? Henry was a loyal catholic - he published "Assertio Septem Sacramentorum" in response to Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church, and was given the title Fidei Defensor by the Pope; he was able to get his advisor, Wolsey, appointed to several high clergy positions (he even became a papal legate); the relationship changed in 1529 when Henry tried to seek an annulment - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Henry VIII and the Catholic Church? His wife, Catherine of Aragon, opposed the annulment, as it would make her daughter, Mary, illegitimate, and meant she would've been living as Henry's mistress for decades; she also refused a compromise in which she would've become a nun, allowing Henry to remarry; Charles V of France, Catherine's nephew, had captured Rome and the Pope was effectively his prisoner, meaning he couldn't agree to Henry's annulment - ANSWERSWhat opposition did Henry VIII face to his annulment? He used parliament to force the Church in England to support his annulment, prosecuting those who didn't and rewarding those who did; he passed laws between 1529-36 that changed the Church-state relation, for example the Act of Restraint of Appeals meant citizens couldn't take legal cases to the pope - these helped severe the ties between England and Rome; the Church was forced to submit to the crown and accept Henry as the new head; it also lost much of its wealth and independence - ANSWERSHow did Henry VIII use parliament to secure his annulment? It made the monarch head of the church, meaning that Parliament and the Church both answered to him; it set a precedent that Acts affecting religion had to be passed through Parliament, which enhanced the power of the state and Parliament, which grew more confident; it also gave Henry's supremacy the authority of the law, enhancing his power - ANSWERSHow was the 1536 Act of Supremacy affect Church-state relations? Elizabeth tried to establish a via media through Parliament; the Act of Uniformity was passed to ensure compliance from the populace, alongside a second Act of Supremacy, which was adapted for a female monarch, and reaffirmed Elizabeth as the head of the church; the religious settlement was set in stone when the Convocation (church's decision making council) passed the Thirty Nine Articles, which outline a Protestant doctrine and a ceremonial basis for the English church - ANSWERSHow did the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement affect Church-state relations? One of master and servants; called infrequently, only when Henry needed new laws/money - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Henry VII and Parliament? The Reformation Parliament caused the relationship to change; instead of "king-and-parliament", it became "king-in-parliament"; the "king-in-parliament" had authority over the church, but Henry alone didn't; more equal relationship - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Henry VIII and Parliament? Mary was forced to go through Parliament to repeal the Act of Supremacy; first monarch to encounter significant resistance in parliament (i.e. many MPs refused her bill that would confiscate the property of English exiles) - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Mary I and Parliament? Elizabeth increased the sense of parliament's importance outside law/revenue making by using Parliament to reassert the Act of Supremacy; notions of free speech became an issue as some MPs wanted to challenge the Crown's ability to set limits on Parliamentary debate; parliament's growing importance is reflected in the increasing amount of MPs in the house of commons (302 in 1512, 462 in 1586) - ANSWERSWhat was the relationship between Elizabeth I and Parliament? It dealt with matters that were not traditionally dealt with in Parliament (religion and the Church); it met with increased frequency compared to under Henry VII or the beginning of Henry VIII's reign; meant the monarch began to rely more and more on Parliament (an evolutionary change) - ANSWERSHow did the Reformation Parliament change the relationship between Crown and Parliament? Increase in assertiveness from the house of Commons; due to the growing experience/confidence of longstanding MPs, and the rise of a group of Puritan MPs, who were demanding free speech; the Crown had to more actively control Parliament, such as appointing parliamentary managers that managed discussions and avoid matters of royal prerogative (i.e. in 1572 and 1586 Elizabeth banned discussions about Mary, Queen of Scots, as they were her royal prerogative); showed the limits of parliament's power - ultimate power was still with the Crown (i.e. some Puritan MPs were arrested to avoid unwanted debate) - ANSWERSHow did the relationship between Crown and Parliament change under Elizabeth I? The Council of the North governed North England from York; The Council of Wales and the Marches governed Wales from Ludlow - ANSWERSWhat were the names of the Councils that governed the North of England and Wales? The existence of semi-independent lords who were self-governing (i.e. the Crown had limited power in the Marcher lordships in Wales/the County Palatines in Durham/Chester); the ethnic differences between areas - Cornwall and Wales did not speak English and were more likely to follow local leaders than London officials; cultural differences, such as resentment of southern control in Yorkshire - ANSWERSWhat issues made Regional Division in England difficult? Henry VII re-established the council in 1489 after it lapsed due to the death of Richard III; it lapsed once more after Henry VII's death, and was not established again until after the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1537; Henry VIII re-established the Council of North as a means of keeping the peace, and appointed powerful noblemen to the presidency so to keep peace, raise revenue, and extend royal justice - ANSWERSHow did the role Council of the North change under the Tudors? The Crown had struggled to control Wales due to lawlessness and disorder caused by the split between Crown controlled areas and the Marcher Lordships; Cromwell knew a uniform system of government had to be implemented; the Acts of Union fully integrated Wales into the English state, forcing Wales to adopt the English language and customs; Welsh MPs were also elected for the first time - ANSWERSHow did the Acts of Union/Law in Wales Act change the government in Wales between 1536-43? The House of Lords got smaller when Henry VIII halved the number of lords by removing the heads of monasteries during the dissolution (The Lords had 84 members in 1547); an increasing urban population caused an increase in the number of borough constituencies (in 1547 the commons had 342 members) - ANSWERSHow did the membership of the Houses of Lords and Commons change over the Tudor Period? There was a significant increase in the number of new borough constituencies created (i.e. 20 under Edward, 21 under Mary, 62 under Elizabeth) - ANSWERSWhy did the number of MPs rise so rapdily after 1547? Rural towns who had an unfair amount of representative Parliament (either as a favour to a local noble, or to put supporters of the monarch into parliament) - ANSWERSWhat were rotten boroughs? Issues of rights/privileges became popular as the lawyers were skilled/confident enough to challenge the system - ANSWERSWhat did the increase in lawyer MPs cause? Around 60% of the population (due to guild schools/churches/monastic schools) - ANSWERSWhat was the level of literacy in England in 1533? Business was becoming more complex, and so they needed to be literate to understand the paperwork if they were to become more successful - ANSWERSWhy was the yeoman class so interested in education? Establishment of new schools - 160 new schools under Elizabeth (caused literacy to increase further - literacy in East Anglia went from 45% to 68% by 1600); literacy increased alongside the level of economic growth; wealthier yeoman began showing interests in government/politics/local offices - ANSWERSWhat was the impact of the increasing literacy amongst the yeoman class? Most important royal officials in local gov; chosen from landowners and appointed for life met and dispensed justice 4 times a year in Quarter Sessions (dealt with cases of assault/burglary/witchcraft/riots/vagrancy) and would send more serious cases to the senior courts; also governed/administered their county (dealt with alehouse licenses/maintaining roads/overseeing markets/regulating wages); 1586, Privy Council issues a "Book of Orders" which outlined the JP's duties (alongside 306 statues they had to enforce) - ANSWERSWhat was the role of the Justices of the Peace? The average number of JPs per county rose from 10 in 1485 to 50 in 1603 - ANSWERSHow did the number of JPs increase? It established an agreed form of directly assessed subsidy (tax) drawn up by Wolsey; first major extension of tax system since 14th century, and JPs had to collect it; increased JP's workload - ANSWERSHow did the 1513 Subsidy Act affect the role of the JPs? Showed a change in attitude towards the poor, which had previously been treated with suspicion (gov believed they caused riots); showed realisation that punishment couldn't solve poverty; affected what crimes JPs dealt with - ANSWERSHow did the 1563 Statute of Artificers affect the role of the JPs? Set up a national poor relief system; church encouraged charity; merchants/townsmen funded schools/hospitals; showed an increased understanding of causes of poverty and attitude change; relieved JPs of some responsibilities - ANSWERSHow did the 1598 and 1601 Acts for the Relief of the Poor affect the role of the JPs? Rewarding supporters with land/money/titles - ANSWERSWhat was patronage? Only rewarded his most faithful servants and kept others loyal with the prospect of future patronage; he expected people to earn patronage (unlike previous monarchs); created the service nobility - rewards based on services rather than tradition (caused ancient noble families to compete for favour with new ones) - ANSWERSHow did Henry VII use patronage? It was the centre of patronage; the monarch's closest courtiers were often the first to receive patronage; the monarch could build a court of dependant courtiers who wouldn't oppose them/rebel out of fear of losing their privileges; this didn't always work, as receivers of patronage did rebel (i.e. John de La Pole, Earl of Lincoln, or Westmorland and Northumberland in the Northern Earls) - ANSWERSHow were the Tudor Court and Patronage linked? She became one when she became the King's mistress in 1527; when she became queen in 1533 she had her own household; her family was also a source of patronage - her father, Thomas, became rich/powerful due to patronage (he was made Treasurer of The Royal Household in 1521 due to his diplomatic service); Thomas Boleyn also gained patronage via his daughters (he became Lord Privy Seal and Viscount Rochford in 1530) - ANSWERSHow was Anne Boleyn a source of patronage? Courtiers who received lots of patronage could then build their own networks by giving out their own patronage; i.e. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth's favourite, built up a client network by rewarding them with his own patronage, and thus extend his influence to the localities of his clients - ANSWERSHow did relationship networks link to patronage? There was never enough - dissatisfaction with rewards could lead to resentment amongst the courtiers; competition for rewards caused the creation of factions; factions often clashed at court over envy or political issues (i.e. the clash between Cromwell's reformers and Norfolk's conservatives during the break with Rome); a strong monarch was required to control factions, which caused issues under the boy king Edward VI, as Northumberland and Somerset's factions fought to influence him - ANSWERSWhat were the main problems with Patronage? A tour of the kingdom in order for the monarch to be seen by the people; the monarch often travelled with a large entourage so only wealthy landowners could afford to host them; monarchs tended to stay in the homes of their favourite courtiers, and said courtiers would have to pay for the monarch's stay (ironically Henry VIII enjoyed staying at monasteries whilst on progresses before their dissolution) - ANSWERSWhat were Royal Progresses? Poyntz built a whole new wing of his house to impress the King when he stayed in his home; he became heavily in debt due to the cost of the construction, and had to go t