NCE National Counseling Exam EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND
ACURATE ANSWRS
Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sigmund Freud
Adlerian Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers
Existential Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin
Yalom
Person-Centered Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Carl Rogers
Gestalt Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fritz and Laura Perls, Miriam and
Erving Polster
Behavior Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus,
Albert Bandura
Cognitive Behavioral Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A.T. Beck, Judith Beck,
Donald Meichenbaum
Rational Emotive Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Albert Ellis
Reality Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅William Glasser, Robert
Wubbolding
,Feminist Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe
Enns, Olivia Espin, Laura Brown
Solution Focused Brief Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Steve de Shazer,
Insoo Kim Berg
Narrative Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Michael White, David Epston
Family Systems Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Alfred Adler, Murray
Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes
Psychoanalytic Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A theory of personality
development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on
unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the first 6 years of life as
determinants of later development of personality. Uses analysis of word association, dream and
fantasy interpretation.
Adlerian Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The 4 Stages of Adlerian
Therapy
He believed that it was imperative to become intimately familiar with a person's social context
by exploring factors such as birth order, lifestyle, and parental education. Adler believed that
each person strives to belong and feel significant.
An Adlerian therapist assists individuals in comprehending the thoughts, drives, and emotions
that influence their lifestyles. People in therapy are also encouraged to acquire a more positive
and productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. These goals are
achieved through the four stages of Adlerian therapy:
1. Engagement: A trusting therapeutic relationship is built between the therapist and the person
in therapy and they agree to work together to effectively address the problem.
2. Assessment: The therapist invites the individual to speak about his or her personal history,
family history, early recollections, beliefs, feelings, and motives. This helps to reveal the
person's overall lifestyle pattern, including factors that might initially be thought of as
insignificant or irrelevant by the person in therapy.
3. Insight: The person in therapy is helped to develop new ways of thinking about his or her
situation.
,4. Reorientation: The therapist encourages the individual to engage in satisfying and effective
actions that reinforce this new insight, or which facilitate further insight.
Existential Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This model stresses building
therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and
responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-
to-person therapeutic relationship.
Person-Centered Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach was
developed in the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective
view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing
with problems and concerns. Is non-directive and often uses reflection from the therapist to assist
the person in increasing awareness and promoting self-actualization.
Gestalt Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅An experiential therapy stressing awareness
and integration; it grew in reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of the
body and mind.
Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach applies the
principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to the resolution of specific behavioral
problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are
always in the process of refinement.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach gives
a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Focuses on teaching a person how to identify
their thinking errors and replace them with positive thinking.
Belief that people have automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions
that influence behavior
Three categories of cognitive distortions: negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future
Negative thoughts can be identified, evaluated, and replaced then that would change behavior
, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅REBT
affirms human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes,
and thinking, never by events themselves. Consequently changing one's thinking leads to an
emotional and behavioral change.
Based upon:
• Emotions and Cognitions - focuses on the root not just the thought
• Unconditional Acceptance (UA) - accepting flaws in self and others and life realities
• Secondary Disturbance - disturbing yourself about your disturbance
• Helpful Negative Emotions - some negative emotions are good
• Anger is inappropriate - can always be expressed in other ways
Reality Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This short-term approach is based on choice
theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic
process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.
Feminist Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A central concept is the concern
for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the
sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's
identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
Postmodern Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Social construction, solution
focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is
believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches
maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Family Systems Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This systemic approach
is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working
with the family.
Henry Murray's Personality Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Personality is influenced
by our needs:
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND
ACURATE ANSWRS
Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sigmund Freud
Adlerian Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers
Existential Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin
Yalom
Person-Centered Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Carl Rogers
Gestalt Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Fritz and Laura Perls, Miriam and
Erving Polster
Behavior Theory Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus,
Albert Bandura
Cognitive Behavioral Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A.T. Beck, Judith Beck,
Donald Meichenbaum
Rational Emotive Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Albert Ellis
Reality Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅William Glasser, Robert
Wubbolding
,Feminist Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe
Enns, Olivia Espin, Laura Brown
Solution Focused Brief Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Steve de Shazer,
Insoo Kim Berg
Narrative Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Michael White, David Epston
Family Systems Therapy Theorists - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Alfred Adler, Murray
Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes
Psychoanalytic Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A theory of personality
development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on
unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the first 6 years of life as
determinants of later development of personality. Uses analysis of word association, dream and
fantasy interpretation.
Adlerian Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The 4 Stages of Adlerian
Therapy
He believed that it was imperative to become intimately familiar with a person's social context
by exploring factors such as birth order, lifestyle, and parental education. Adler believed that
each person strives to belong and feel significant.
An Adlerian therapist assists individuals in comprehending the thoughts, drives, and emotions
that influence their lifestyles. People in therapy are also encouraged to acquire a more positive
and productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. These goals are
achieved through the four stages of Adlerian therapy:
1. Engagement: A trusting therapeutic relationship is built between the therapist and the person
in therapy and they agree to work together to effectively address the problem.
2. Assessment: The therapist invites the individual to speak about his or her personal history,
family history, early recollections, beliefs, feelings, and motives. This helps to reveal the
person's overall lifestyle pattern, including factors that might initially be thought of as
insignificant or irrelevant by the person in therapy.
3. Insight: The person in therapy is helped to develop new ways of thinking about his or her
situation.
,4. Reorientation: The therapist encourages the individual to engage in satisfying and effective
actions that reinforce this new insight, or which facilitate further insight.
Existential Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This model stresses building
therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and
responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-
to-person therapeutic relationship.
Person-Centered Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach was
developed in the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective
view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing
with problems and concerns. Is non-directive and often uses reflection from the therapist to assist
the person in increasing awareness and promoting self-actualization.
Gestalt Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅An experiential therapy stressing awareness
and integration; it grew in reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of the
body and mind.
Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach applies the
principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to the resolution of specific behavioral
problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are
always in the process of refinement.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This approach gives
a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Focuses on teaching a person how to identify
their thinking errors and replace them with positive thinking.
Belief that people have automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions
that influence behavior
Three categories of cognitive distortions: negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future
Negative thoughts can be identified, evaluated, and replaced then that would change behavior
, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅REBT
affirms human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes,
and thinking, never by events themselves. Consequently changing one's thinking leads to an
emotional and behavioral change.
Based upon:
• Emotions and Cognitions - focuses on the root not just the thought
• Unconditional Acceptance (UA) - accepting flaws in self and others and life realities
• Secondary Disturbance - disturbing yourself about your disturbance
• Helpful Negative Emotions - some negative emotions are good
• Anger is inappropriate - can always be expressed in other ways
Reality Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This short-term approach is based on choice
theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic
process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.
Feminist Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A central concept is the concern
for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the
sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's
identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.
Postmodern Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Social construction, solution
focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is
believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches
maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.
Family Systems Therapy Description - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅This systemic approach
is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working
with the family.
Henry Murray's Personality Theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Personality is influenced
by our needs:
