NURS 8022 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
PATHO CH 7 EXAM 2
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
Antibacterial fatty acids
Lysozymes in tears
Epithelial cells
Earwax - ANSWER - >Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a
physical barrier to entry for organisms.
What line of defense is the inflammatory response? - ANSWER - >The
inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the
site of tissue injury and generates a nonspecific response that involves
cellular and chemical components.
Which complement factor is considered an anaphylatoxin? - ANSWER -
>C3a, C5a, and C4a are anaphylatoxins. They can induce the rapid
degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine.
The scavenger receptors - ANSWER - >are primarily expressed on
macrophages and facilitate recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial
pathogens.
Complement receptors - ANSWER - >recognize a variety of fragments
produced through activation of the complement system.
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER - >are expressed on the surface of cells,
including epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells,
,and lymphocytes. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular
patterns or stressed host cells
Pattern recognition receptors - ANSWER - >recognize patterns of
infectious molecules. These receptors are found on cells involved in
innate resistance.
What causes activation of Mast cells? - ANSWER - >A number of things
cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury, chemical
agents (including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic
means, and activation of an inflammatory response. Histamine is
released from mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found
in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved
in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to
histamine? - ANSWER - >Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and
cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and
chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability,
chemotaxis, and pain. Adhesion molecules increase the stickiness
between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of foreign material.
Neutrophils - ANSWER - >are the predominant phagocytes of early
inflammation. They arrive before lymphocytes and macrophages
Monocytes - ANSWER - >Are the largest blood cells and are granular
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen? - ANSWER -
>Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages
and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen.
Interferons - ANSWER - >primarily protect against viral infections.
, Chemokines - ANSWER - >induce leukocyte chemotaxis
Tumor necrosis factor - ANSWER - >produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes, induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects including
the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by - ANSWER - >is characterized
by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages. Giant cells are
multinucleated cells that are formed by fused macrophages during
granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in pus
formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
The natural barriers include? - ANSWER - >physical, biochemical, and
mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body's surfaces.
Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and
inflammation? - ANSWER - >The four characteristics that are observable
for inflammation in vascular tissue are redness, heat, swelling, and
pain.
Which pathways activate the complement system? - ANSWER - >he
complement system may be activated by the classical, lectin, and
alternative pathways.
Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury
or inflammation? - ANSWER - >The clotting system exhibits the
following functions: (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent
tissues; (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells such as neutrophils and
macrophages; (3) forms a clot that stops bleeding; and (4) provides a
framework for future repair and healing.
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
PATHO CH 7 EXAM 2
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
Antibacterial fatty acids
Lysozymes in tears
Epithelial cells
Earwax - ANSWER - >Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a
physical barrier to entry for organisms.
What line of defense is the inflammatory response? - ANSWER - >The
inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the
site of tissue injury and generates a nonspecific response that involves
cellular and chemical components.
Which complement factor is considered an anaphylatoxin? - ANSWER -
>C3a, C5a, and C4a are anaphylatoxins. They can induce the rapid
degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine.
The scavenger receptors - ANSWER - >are primarily expressed on
macrophages and facilitate recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial
pathogens.
Complement receptors - ANSWER - >recognize a variety of fragments
produced through activation of the complement system.
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER - >are expressed on the surface of cells,
including epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells,
,and lymphocytes. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular
patterns or stressed host cells
Pattern recognition receptors - ANSWER - >recognize patterns of
infectious molecules. These receptors are found on cells involved in
innate resistance.
What causes activation of Mast cells? - ANSWER - >A number of things
cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury, chemical
agents (including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic
means, and activation of an inflammatory response. Histamine is
released from mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found
in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved
in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to
histamine? - ANSWER - >Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and
cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and
chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased vascular permeability,
chemotaxis, and pain. Adhesion molecules increase the stickiness
between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of foreign material.
Neutrophils - ANSWER - >are the predominant phagocytes of early
inflammation. They arrive before lymphocytes and macrophages
Monocytes - ANSWER - >Are the largest blood cells and are granular
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen? - ANSWER -
>Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages
and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen.
Interferons - ANSWER - >primarily protect against viral infections.
, Chemokines - ANSWER - >induce leukocyte chemotaxis
Tumor necrosis factor - ANSWER - >produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes, induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects including
the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by - ANSWER - >is characterized
by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages. Giant cells are
multinucleated cells that are formed by fused macrophages during
granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in pus
formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
The natural barriers include? - ANSWER - >physical, biochemical, and
mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body's surfaces.
Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and
inflammation? - ANSWER - >The four characteristics that are observable
for inflammation in vascular tissue are redness, heat, swelling, and
pain.
Which pathways activate the complement system? - ANSWER - >he
complement system may be activated by the classical, lectin, and
alternative pathways.
Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury
or inflammation? - ANSWER - >The clotting system exhibits the
following functions: (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent
tissues; (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells such as neutrophils and
macrophages; (3) forms a clot that stops bleeding; and (4) provides a
framework for future repair and healing.
