A Divided Union: Civil rights in the USA, 1945-74
History IGCSE Effect-Question Model Answers and Key Points
Table of Contents:
CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................................2
Cold War.......................................................................................................................................2
Eastern Europe becoming communist..........................................................................................3
Communist uprisings in Greece....................................................................................................3
The Berlin crisis............................................................................................................................3
Communist uprisings in Asia.........................................................................................................4
FBI................................................................................................................................................4
HUAC............................................................................................................................................4
The role of McCarthy....................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2.........................................................................................................................5
Brown v. Topeka, 1954.................................................................................................................5
The revival of the KKK..................................................................................................................6
Emmet Till....................................................................................................................................6
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956...................................................................................................6
Civil Rights Act 1957 (one paragraph-effect only).........................................................................7
Little Rock, 1959...........................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3.........................................................................................................................7
Sit-ins, 1960..................................................................................................................................7
Freedom Riders, 1960 (w/ Anniston Firebombing, 1960)..............................................................8
James Meredith Case, 1960..........................................................................................................8
MLK, Methods (bullet points).......................................................................................................9
Birmingham Peace Marches, 1963 (bullet points).........................................................................9
March on Washington, 1963 (bullet points).................................................................................9
Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 (bullet points)......................................................................9
Selma, 1965 (bullet points)...........................................................................................................9
Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, 1965......................................................................10
Malcolm X and his approach.......................................................................................................10
Stokely Carmichael and the growth of Black Panther.................................................................10
Black Power Movement and 1968 Olympics...............................................................................11
Black Panther and the Community Survival Programmes...........................................................11
1
, Watts Riots, 1965 and the Summer of Riots 1965-68, w/ the Kerner Report...............................11
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................................12
Students for a democratic society...............................................................................................12
Berkeley free speech movement................................................................................................12
Anti-Vietnam protests................................................................................................................12
Hippy movement........................................................................................................................13
Eleanor Roosevelt.......................................................................................................................13
Betty Freidan..............................................................................................................................13
NOW...........................................................................................................................................14
Women’s liberation movement..................................................................................................14
Roe v. Wade...............................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5.......................................................................................................................15
White house plumbers and CREEP..............................................................................................15
Washington post........................................................................................................................15
Watergate scandal......................................................................................................................15
Watergate recordings.................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 1
Cold War
Effect #1 – Truman doctrine
Effect #2 – paranoia/fear of communism
One effect of the cold war was the establishment of the Truman doctrine as the USA was desperately
trying to prevent any other European countries, especially in the west, from becoming communist which
would result in a Russian takeover. The Truman doctrine promised to aid any country mainly financially which
would resist communism. This was done with the hope that if a country was financially stable, they would not
seek a communist government. The Truman doctrine succeeded into a certain extend as a lot of countries
were able to resist the Soviet Union’s influence and did not create communist governments. However, Stalin
did not allow any eastern European countries to accept the aid the US offered which resulted in most
European countries in the east to become communist and satellite states of the Soviet Union. Something that
worried Americans because of their fear of making the US communist.
Another effect of the cold war is that as it began it created such a huge paranoia to the Americans due
to the fear of becoming communist, that the FBI with Hoover as their leader created the Federal loyalty boards
to investigate the US government for potential communist threats. During that time an immense amount of
people lost their jobs due to only speculations of being communists or even having links to communism. All
Russians who lived in the US were immediately sent back to the Soviet Union. Also, people became more
distant and avoided any kind of political conversation as they feared they would be reported, and private
businesses started carrying out their own investigations to make sure they were free from communist
supporters. This communist paranoia affected people’s social relationships as well as employment as between
1947 and 1951, 3 million people were investigated of which 3 000 people were either fired or forced to resign
because they were considered to be security risk.
2
, Eastern Europe becoming communist
Effect #1 – Truman doctrine
Effect #2 – increased conflict between USA and USSR
One effect of eastern Europe becoming communist, was the Truman doctrine as it was the reaction of
President Truman to the fact that more and more countries were becoming communist and most of the
satellite states of the Soviet Union. As a result, Truman announced the Truman doctrine which promised to
support any country resisting takeover and at risk of communists. This move was made to prevent any other
counties from becoming communist and to expand the influence of the USA in Europe
Another effect of eastern Europe becoming communist was that because of the Truman doctrine the
Soviet Union saw it as if the US was trying to expand and increase its influence and power in Europe something
that the USSR did not like. Due to this Stalin did not allow any eastern European countries to accept the offer
creating more conflict and tension between the two superpowers and dividing the world even more into
communists and capitalists
Communist uprisings in Greece
Effect #1 – increased fear of communism
Effect #2 – Greece did not become communist
One effect of the communist uprisings in Greece was that it added to the American fear of communist
takeover in Europe. Due to this the us government sent money to the Greek government to remove the
communists. Because of the uprisings in Greece, the Soviet Union gave more reasons for the us to believe that
the USSR wanted to take over Europe. As a result, the US took measures to expand and increase its influence
in Europe creating more conflict between the two superpowers and dividing the world even more into
communists and capitalists
Another effect of the communist uprising in Greece was that the US succeeded in preventing Greece
from creating a communist government. The plan of the US to give financial aid resulted in President Truman
constructing a plan to stop more courtiers from becoming communist. Thus, the Truman doctrine was
launched which promised to support any country resisting takeover and at risk of communists. Also, Truman
exaggerated the threat of communism to receive support for his policy in Greece and get the Truman doctrine
passed through congress
The Berlin crisis
Effect #1 – Truman defeated USSR
Effect #2 – increase conflict between USA and USSR
One effect of the berlin crisis was that Truman has managed to defeat the Soviet Union given that
Stalin was forced to reopen the supply lines or else he would start a war. This event gave confidence to the US
because it succeeded in forcing the USSR to give in. this happened because when Stalin blocked all the supply
lines, Truman was in no position to let west Berlin become communist so western allies decided to take the
supplies by aircraft into the city leaving no choice to Stalin as to fire the air force would mean war
Another effect of the berlin crisis is that the USSR was very upset because of Truman’s check mate
solution. The Soviet Union was getting angrier with the US creating more tension and conflict between the two
superpowers. The reason that the USSR was so upset was firstly because of the union of Berlin territory of
France, Great Britain and the US, as well as the defeat of Stalin by Truman. Both these events contributed to
the growing discontent of Russia for the US
3
History IGCSE Effect-Question Model Answers and Key Points
Table of Contents:
CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................................2
Cold War.......................................................................................................................................2
Eastern Europe becoming communist..........................................................................................3
Communist uprisings in Greece....................................................................................................3
The Berlin crisis............................................................................................................................3
Communist uprisings in Asia.........................................................................................................4
FBI................................................................................................................................................4
HUAC............................................................................................................................................4
The role of McCarthy....................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2.........................................................................................................................5
Brown v. Topeka, 1954.................................................................................................................5
The revival of the KKK..................................................................................................................6
Emmet Till....................................................................................................................................6
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956...................................................................................................6
Civil Rights Act 1957 (one paragraph-effect only).........................................................................7
Little Rock, 1959...........................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3.........................................................................................................................7
Sit-ins, 1960..................................................................................................................................7
Freedom Riders, 1960 (w/ Anniston Firebombing, 1960)..............................................................8
James Meredith Case, 1960..........................................................................................................8
MLK, Methods (bullet points).......................................................................................................9
Birmingham Peace Marches, 1963 (bullet points).........................................................................9
March on Washington, 1963 (bullet points).................................................................................9
Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 (bullet points)......................................................................9
Selma, 1965 (bullet points)...........................................................................................................9
Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, 1965......................................................................10
Malcolm X and his approach.......................................................................................................10
Stokely Carmichael and the growth of Black Panther.................................................................10
Black Power Movement and 1968 Olympics...............................................................................11
Black Panther and the Community Survival Programmes...........................................................11
1
, Watts Riots, 1965 and the Summer of Riots 1965-68, w/ the Kerner Report...............................11
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................................12
Students for a democratic society...............................................................................................12
Berkeley free speech movement................................................................................................12
Anti-Vietnam protests................................................................................................................12
Hippy movement........................................................................................................................13
Eleanor Roosevelt.......................................................................................................................13
Betty Freidan..............................................................................................................................13
NOW...........................................................................................................................................14
Women’s liberation movement..................................................................................................14
Roe v. Wade...............................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5.......................................................................................................................15
White house plumbers and CREEP..............................................................................................15
Washington post........................................................................................................................15
Watergate scandal......................................................................................................................15
Watergate recordings.................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 1
Cold War
Effect #1 – Truman doctrine
Effect #2 – paranoia/fear of communism
One effect of the cold war was the establishment of the Truman doctrine as the USA was desperately
trying to prevent any other European countries, especially in the west, from becoming communist which
would result in a Russian takeover. The Truman doctrine promised to aid any country mainly financially which
would resist communism. This was done with the hope that if a country was financially stable, they would not
seek a communist government. The Truman doctrine succeeded into a certain extend as a lot of countries
were able to resist the Soviet Union’s influence and did not create communist governments. However, Stalin
did not allow any eastern European countries to accept the aid the US offered which resulted in most
European countries in the east to become communist and satellite states of the Soviet Union. Something that
worried Americans because of their fear of making the US communist.
Another effect of the cold war is that as it began it created such a huge paranoia to the Americans due
to the fear of becoming communist, that the FBI with Hoover as their leader created the Federal loyalty boards
to investigate the US government for potential communist threats. During that time an immense amount of
people lost their jobs due to only speculations of being communists or even having links to communism. All
Russians who lived in the US were immediately sent back to the Soviet Union. Also, people became more
distant and avoided any kind of political conversation as they feared they would be reported, and private
businesses started carrying out their own investigations to make sure they were free from communist
supporters. This communist paranoia affected people’s social relationships as well as employment as between
1947 and 1951, 3 million people were investigated of which 3 000 people were either fired or forced to resign
because they were considered to be security risk.
2
, Eastern Europe becoming communist
Effect #1 – Truman doctrine
Effect #2 – increased conflict between USA and USSR
One effect of eastern Europe becoming communist, was the Truman doctrine as it was the reaction of
President Truman to the fact that more and more countries were becoming communist and most of the
satellite states of the Soviet Union. As a result, Truman announced the Truman doctrine which promised to
support any country resisting takeover and at risk of communists. This move was made to prevent any other
counties from becoming communist and to expand the influence of the USA in Europe
Another effect of eastern Europe becoming communist was that because of the Truman doctrine the
Soviet Union saw it as if the US was trying to expand and increase its influence and power in Europe something
that the USSR did not like. Due to this Stalin did not allow any eastern European countries to accept the offer
creating more conflict and tension between the two superpowers and dividing the world even more into
communists and capitalists
Communist uprisings in Greece
Effect #1 – increased fear of communism
Effect #2 – Greece did not become communist
One effect of the communist uprisings in Greece was that it added to the American fear of communist
takeover in Europe. Due to this the us government sent money to the Greek government to remove the
communists. Because of the uprisings in Greece, the Soviet Union gave more reasons for the us to believe that
the USSR wanted to take over Europe. As a result, the US took measures to expand and increase its influence
in Europe creating more conflict between the two superpowers and dividing the world even more into
communists and capitalists
Another effect of the communist uprising in Greece was that the US succeeded in preventing Greece
from creating a communist government. The plan of the US to give financial aid resulted in President Truman
constructing a plan to stop more courtiers from becoming communist. Thus, the Truman doctrine was
launched which promised to support any country resisting takeover and at risk of communists. Also, Truman
exaggerated the threat of communism to receive support for his policy in Greece and get the Truman doctrine
passed through congress
The Berlin crisis
Effect #1 – Truman defeated USSR
Effect #2 – increase conflict between USA and USSR
One effect of the berlin crisis was that Truman has managed to defeat the Soviet Union given that
Stalin was forced to reopen the supply lines or else he would start a war. This event gave confidence to the US
because it succeeded in forcing the USSR to give in. this happened because when Stalin blocked all the supply
lines, Truman was in no position to let west Berlin become communist so western allies decided to take the
supplies by aircraft into the city leaving no choice to Stalin as to fire the air force would mean war
Another effect of the berlin crisis is that the USSR was very upset because of Truman’s check mate
solution. The Soviet Union was getting angrier with the US creating more tension and conflict between the two
superpowers. The reason that the USSR was so upset was firstly because of the union of Berlin territory of
France, Great Britain and the US, as well as the defeat of Stalin by Truman. Both these events contributed to
the growing discontent of Russia for the US
3
