ESS 207 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
closed skills (task: environment) - Answer-self-paced
environment is stable and predictable
-does not change during a movement
EX) putting in golf, high jump, serving in tennis, field events in track
skill proficiency perspective - Answer-as compared to an unskilled performer, a skilled
performer exhibits:
1. maximum certainty
-meets performance goals with certainty on demand (stable attractor state)
2. minimum energy expenditure
-education of unwanted or unnecessary energy
3. minimum movement time
-able to perform movement in shortest amount of time possible
why does skill classification matter - Answer-allows practitioner to identify relevant
performance demands
-open environment requires lots of decision-making
-closed environment performance is based mainly on quality of movement execution
use this info to design targeted training techniques
stages of learning and performance - Answer-fitts an posner's model
cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage
cognitive stage - Answer-understanding of the nature and goal of the activity
initial attempts at the skill- gross errors
associative stage - Answer-practice on mastering the timing of the skill
fewer and more consistent errors
autonomous stage - Answer-well coordinated and appears effortless
few errors
"automatic" performance allows attention to be directed to other aspects of skill
performance (auto pilot)
information processing - Answer-often compared to a computer
we detect info from the environment and use it to guide our actions
,input -> stimulus identification (perception) -> response selection (decision) -> response
programming (action) -> output
input - Answer-information you receive and must process
some type of stimulus
-starter's gun, baseball, defenders
stimulus identification - Answer-perception
use our senses to determine what is happening
-is it moving? how fast? where's it going?
*2 substages:* stimulus detection and pattern recognition
*speed influenced by:* intensity and number
stimulus detection - Answer-recognize input as relevant
-official's whistle vs crowd heckling
pattern recognition - Answer-understand what is happening
-movement of defenders
speed and stimulus identification - Answer-*intensity:* RT is faster with more intense
stimuli
-starter's gun vs verbal command "go"
*number:* RT is faster with fewer stimuli
-fast break 1 on 1 vs 3 on 2
response selection - Answer-decision
what to do (if anything) in response to input
*speed influence by:* number of choices and probability that choice is correct
speed and response selection - Answer-*number of choices:* RT is slower with more
choices
=2 choices vs 4 choices
*probability that choice is correct:* RT is slower with unexpected choices (catches you
off guard)
-pitcher usually throws a fastball on first pitch, but instead throws a change up
response programming - Answer-action
organizes the motor system to produce the desired movement
-subconscious
-retrieve/organize plan of action
-brain and spinal cord prepare for movement
*speed influenced by:* complexity of movement
speed and response programming - Answer-*complexity of movement:* RT is slower for
more complex movements
-stopping a car that's automatic vs stopping a manual car
, output - Answer-actual physical movement/response
-foot on brake pedal, step over object
reaction time (RT) - Answer-amount of time that passes from"
presentation of stimulus
to
initiation of movement/response
the interval from presentation of an unanticipated stimulus until the beginning of the
response
simple reaction time - Answer-shortest reaction time
one stimuli and one response
-hear a tone, push a button
choice reaction time - Answer-time between the presentation of:
1 or more stimuli
AND
initiation of 1 or more responses
-receiving a tennis serve
must identify stimulus and determine appropriate response
increasing number of choices = slower RT
factors that influence RT - Answer-number of possible stimuli in choice reaction time
practice
response compatibility
practice and RT - Answer--greater practice time = faster RT
-practice keeps reaction time increasing, even when stimulus response alternatives
increase
-skills often become automatic
-if the same stimulus always leads to the same response, choice RT becomes quicker
response compatibility - Answer-high S-R (stimulus-response) compatibility = faster RT
-more "natural" the response to a stimulus, the faster the RT
EX) RIGHT hand stimulus light and RIGHT hand response vs RIGHT hand stimulus
light and LEFT hand response
anticipation - Answer-using cues to reduce response delays (speed up RT)
*2 types:* spatial (event) and temporal
spatial (event) anticipation - Answer-the ability to anticipate performance movement
-what will happen
temporal anticipation - Answer-the ability to predict the time course of an event
-when it will happen
ANSWERS
closed skills (task: environment) - Answer-self-paced
environment is stable and predictable
-does not change during a movement
EX) putting in golf, high jump, serving in tennis, field events in track
skill proficiency perspective - Answer-as compared to an unskilled performer, a skilled
performer exhibits:
1. maximum certainty
-meets performance goals with certainty on demand (stable attractor state)
2. minimum energy expenditure
-education of unwanted or unnecessary energy
3. minimum movement time
-able to perform movement in shortest amount of time possible
why does skill classification matter - Answer-allows practitioner to identify relevant
performance demands
-open environment requires lots of decision-making
-closed environment performance is based mainly on quality of movement execution
use this info to design targeted training techniques
stages of learning and performance - Answer-fitts an posner's model
cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage
cognitive stage - Answer-understanding of the nature and goal of the activity
initial attempts at the skill- gross errors
associative stage - Answer-practice on mastering the timing of the skill
fewer and more consistent errors
autonomous stage - Answer-well coordinated and appears effortless
few errors
"automatic" performance allows attention to be directed to other aspects of skill
performance (auto pilot)
information processing - Answer-often compared to a computer
we detect info from the environment and use it to guide our actions
,input -> stimulus identification (perception) -> response selection (decision) -> response
programming (action) -> output
input - Answer-information you receive and must process
some type of stimulus
-starter's gun, baseball, defenders
stimulus identification - Answer-perception
use our senses to determine what is happening
-is it moving? how fast? where's it going?
*2 substages:* stimulus detection and pattern recognition
*speed influenced by:* intensity and number
stimulus detection - Answer-recognize input as relevant
-official's whistle vs crowd heckling
pattern recognition - Answer-understand what is happening
-movement of defenders
speed and stimulus identification - Answer-*intensity:* RT is faster with more intense
stimuli
-starter's gun vs verbal command "go"
*number:* RT is faster with fewer stimuli
-fast break 1 on 1 vs 3 on 2
response selection - Answer-decision
what to do (if anything) in response to input
*speed influence by:* number of choices and probability that choice is correct
speed and response selection - Answer-*number of choices:* RT is slower with more
choices
=2 choices vs 4 choices
*probability that choice is correct:* RT is slower with unexpected choices (catches you
off guard)
-pitcher usually throws a fastball on first pitch, but instead throws a change up
response programming - Answer-action
organizes the motor system to produce the desired movement
-subconscious
-retrieve/organize plan of action
-brain and spinal cord prepare for movement
*speed influenced by:* complexity of movement
speed and response programming - Answer-*complexity of movement:* RT is slower for
more complex movements
-stopping a car that's automatic vs stopping a manual car
, output - Answer-actual physical movement/response
-foot on brake pedal, step over object
reaction time (RT) - Answer-amount of time that passes from"
presentation of stimulus
to
initiation of movement/response
the interval from presentation of an unanticipated stimulus until the beginning of the
response
simple reaction time - Answer-shortest reaction time
one stimuli and one response
-hear a tone, push a button
choice reaction time - Answer-time between the presentation of:
1 or more stimuli
AND
initiation of 1 or more responses
-receiving a tennis serve
must identify stimulus and determine appropriate response
increasing number of choices = slower RT
factors that influence RT - Answer-number of possible stimuli in choice reaction time
practice
response compatibility
practice and RT - Answer--greater practice time = faster RT
-practice keeps reaction time increasing, even when stimulus response alternatives
increase
-skills often become automatic
-if the same stimulus always leads to the same response, choice RT becomes quicker
response compatibility - Answer-high S-R (stimulus-response) compatibility = faster RT
-more "natural" the response to a stimulus, the faster the RT
EX) RIGHT hand stimulus light and RIGHT hand response vs RIGHT hand stimulus
light and LEFT hand response
anticipation - Answer-using cues to reduce response delays (speed up RT)
*2 types:* spatial (event) and temporal
spatial (event) anticipation - Answer-the ability to anticipate performance movement
-what will happen
temporal anticipation - Answer-the ability to predict the time course of an event
-when it will happen
