Module 22 Psychiatry Advanced

Psychiatry - ANSWERSis the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness. It is a specialty of clinical medicine like surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics. Psychiatrists - ANSWERScomplete the same medical training (4 years of medical school) as for other physicians and receive an MD (doctor of medicine) or OD (doctor of osteopathy) degree Psychotherapy - ANSWERSpsychological techniques for treating mental disorders Psychopharmacology - ANSWERSdrug therapy Child psychiatrists - ANSWERSspecialize in the treatment of children; forensic psychiatrists specialize in the legal aspects of psychiatry, such as the determination of mental competence in criminal cases. Psychoanalysts - ANSWERScomplete 3 to 5 additional years of training in a special psychotherapeutic technique called psychoanalysis in which the patient freely relates her or his thoughts and associations to the analyst, who does not interfere with the process. Interpretations are offered at appropriate times. Psychologist - ANSWERSis a nonmedical professional who is trained in methods of psychological testing, psychotherapy, analysis, and research and completes a doctor of philosophy (PhD) or doctor of education (EdD) degree program in a specific field of interest, such as clinical (patient-oriented) psychology, experimental research, or social psychology (focusing on social interaction and the ways the actions of others influence the behavior of the individual). Clinical psychologist - ANSWERSlike a psychiatrist, can use various methods of psychotherapy to treat patients but, unlike a psychiatrist, cannot prescribe drugs or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Amnesia - ANSWERSloss of memory anxiety - ANSWERSvarying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, breathlessness, and choking sensations. Apathy - ANSWERSabsence of emotions; lack of interest, emotional involvement or motivation compulsion - ANSWERSuncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly in an attempt to reduce anxiety conversion - ANSWERSanxiety becomes a bodily symptom, such as blindness, deafness or paralysis, that does not have a physical basis delusion - ANSWERSfixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence dissociation - ANSWERSuncomfortable thoughts are split off from the person's conscious awareness to avoid mental distress. dysphoria - ANSWERSintense feelings of depression, discontent and generalized dissatisfaction with life euphoria - ANSWERSintense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness , excitement an joy hallucination - ANSWERSFalse or unreal sensory perception as, for example, hearing voices when none are present. An illusion is a misperception of an actual sensory stimulus, such as hearing voices in the sound of rustling leaves. labile - ANSWERSVariable; undergoing rapid emotional change. mania - ANSWERSElevated, expansive state with talkativeness, hyperactivity, and racing thoughts. mutism - ANSWERSnoir very little ability to speak obsession - ANSWERSInvoluntary, persistent idea or emotion; the suffix -mania indicates a strong obsession with something (e.g., pyromania is an obsession with fire). paranoia - ANSWERSOverly suspicious system of thinking; fixed delusion that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated. Panic disorder - ANSWERSis recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern about having another panic attack in between episodes. A panic attack can occur in the context of other anxiety disorders, such as phobic, obsessive-compulsive, post-traumatic stress, and generalized anxiety disorders. Phobic disorders - ANSWERSare characterized by irrational or debilitating fears associated with a specific object or situation. The patient with a phobic disorder goes to extreme lengths to avoid the object of her or his fear. The object that is feared often is symbolic of an unconscious conflict that is the cause of the phobia and thus diverts the patient's attention from the conflict, keeping it unconscious. Panic attacks can occur in anticipation of the phobic situation. Agoraphobia - ANSWERSis the fear of being in open, crowded, public places from which escape would be difficult or in which help might not be available, or of going out alone in "unsafe" Social phobia - ANSWERS(social anxiety disorder) is the fear of situations in which the affected person is open to public scrutiny, which could result in possible embarrassment and humiliation. For example, the fear may focus on speaking in public, using public lavatories, or eating in public. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - ANSWERSinvolves recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive acts (compulsions) that dominate the patient's life. The patient experiences anxiety if he or she is prevented from performing special rituals. Often the OCD consumes time and interferes with the person's social or occupational functioning. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - ANSWERSis the development of symptoms (intense fear, helplessness, insomnia, nightmares, and diminished responsiveness to the external world) following exposure to a traumatic event. Flashbacks, bothersome thoughts, and anxiety often triggered by reminders occur in episodes long after a life-threatening or major emotional event. People avoid situations with reminders. Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) - ANSWERSis characterized by chronic anxiety and exaggerated worry and tension even when there is little or nothing to provoke such feelings. Bipolar disorder - ANSWERSare characterized by one or more manic episodes alternating with depressive episodes. A manic episode is a period during which the predominant mood is excessively elevated (euphoria), expansive, or irritable. Associated symptoms include inflated self-esteem, or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, a nearly continuous flow of rapid speech with quick changes of topic, distractibility, an increase in goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences. Hypomania - ANSWERSdescribes a mood resembling mania, but of lesser intensity. Bipolar disorder I - ANSWERSis characterized by one or more manic episodes, often alternating with major depressive episodes. Bipolar disorder II - ANSWERSis characterized by recurrent major depressive episodes alternating with hypomanic episodes. Cyclothymic disorder - ANSWERSis a mild form of bipolar disorder characterized by at least 2 years of numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for mania and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder. Depression disorders - ANSWERSare marked by the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes without a history of mania or hypomania. Major depressive disorder - ANSWERSinvolves episodes of severe dysphoria (sadness, hopelessness, worry, discouragement). Other signs and symptoms are appetite disturbances (increase or decrease) and changes in weight; sleep disorders such as insomnia or hypersomnia; fatigue or low energy; feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or excessive or inappropriate guilt; difficulty thinking or concentrating; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Persistent depressive disorder - ANSWERSis a depressive disorder involving depressed mood (feeling sad or "down in the dumps") that persists over a 2-year period but is not as severe as major depression. Also, there are no psychotic features (delusions, hallucinations, incoherent thinking) as are sometimes found in major depressive disorder. Seasonal affective (mood) disorder (SAD) - ANSWERSA regular appearance of depression may occur within a period of approximately 60 days, between the beginning of October and the end of November, every year Dissociative disorder - ANSWERSis a condition involving breakdown in memory, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorder escape reality through amnesia, fugue (sudden travel away from home or work), or alternate identities. Identity disorder - ANSWERSThe presence of two or more distinct personality states. Dissociative amnesia - ANSWERSInability to recall autobiographical information. Depersonalization/ derealization disorder - ANSWERSExperiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one's thought and surroundings. Neurocognitive disorders - ANSWERSmarked by disturbances in cognition (thinking, perception, reasoning, and judgment). Delirium and dementia are their primary features. Delirium - ANSWERSis marked by acute episodes of confused thinking, disorientation, and behavioral changes, such as agitation and fear. It is caused by a variety of conditions, including drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure Delirium tremens - ANSWERSis brought on by stopping alcohol consumption suddenly after prolonged periods of heavy alcohol ingestion. Dementia - ANSWERSis marked by progressive loss of intellectual abilities such as judgment, memory, and reasoning as well as changes in personality. It also includes difficulty with language and with simple acts like dressing or brushing the teeth Alzheimer disease - ANSWERSDementia may be caused by conditions, some reversible and some progressive, involving damage to the brain. The most common cause is Alzheimer disease, but other causes are cerebrovascular disease (stroke), central nervous system (CNS) infection, certain medications and drugs, brain trauma, tumors, and Parkinson and Huntington diseases. It is important to identify treatable causes of dementia. Neurodevelopmental disorders - ANSWERSare a group of childhood disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Intellectual disability disorders - ANSWERSPreviously called mental retardation, these disorders include deficits in intellectual functions (reasoning, problem solving, planning and abstract thinking) and inability to adapt and interact in activities of daily life. Communication disorders - ANSWERSPersistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language (spoken or written). This includes reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, and impairments in speaking, such as stuttering. Autistic spectrum disorders- Autism - ANSWERScommonly becoming evident during the first 3 years of life, is marked by difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication and social and play interactions. The following are examples of autistic symptoms and signs: Resistance to change; insistence on sameness Using gestures or pointing instead of words to communicate needs Repeating words or phrases Preference for being alone; aloofness of manner Tantrums Difficulty in interacting with others Not wanting to be touched Little or no eye contact Uneven gross/fine motor skills Sensitivity to sound Obsessive attachment to objects Asperger syndrome - ANSWERSoften is referred to as a less severe type of autism. Children with Asperger syndrome frequently have normal language skills and normal intelligence. They usually want to interact with others but don't know how to do it. They may have fine rote memory skills but have difficulty with abstract concepts. Repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior also may be part of the picture. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD - ANSWERSThis is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Specific learning disorders - ANSWERSThis category includes difficulties in learning and using academic skills. Motor disorder - ANSWERSChildren with these disorders display lack of coordination (such as clumsiness and poor handwriting), movement disorders, and tics (involuntary, sudden, recurrent motor movement or vocalization) Personality disorders - ANSWERSis an enduring pattern of thinking and behavior contrary to what is culturally acceptable. Pervasive and inflexible, it typically first becomes evident in early adulthood and leads to distress or conflict with others. Cluster A - ANSWERSParanoid—Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness so that motives of others are interpreted as malicious; quick to take offense. • Schizoid—Pattern of detachment from social relationships with restricted range of emotions; cold, aloof, and indifferent to the feelings of others. • Schizotypal—Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, accompanied by odd beliefs or magical thinking, clairvoyance, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations. Cluster B - ANSWERSParanoid—Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness so that motives of others are interpreted as malicious; quick to take offense. • Schizoid—Pattern of detachment from social relationships with restricted range of emotions; cold, aloof, and indifferent to the feelings of others. • Schizotypal—Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, accompanied by odd beliefs or magical thinking, clairvoyance, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations. Cluster C - ANSWERSAvoidance—Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Affected persons are unwilling to get involved with others for fear of being criticized or rejected. • Dependent—Pattern of submissive and clinging behaviour related to an excessive need to be taken care of. Affected persons have a lack of self-confidence and difficulty making everyday decisions without advice or reassurance from others. • Obsessive-compulsive—Pattern of orderliness, perfectionism, and control. At the expense of flexibility and openness, affected persons are preoccupied with details, rules, lists, organization, and schedules. As compared to patients with obsessive compulsive anxiety disorder (OCD), individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are not aware that their thoughts and behaviors are unreasonable. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders - ANSWERSare chronic psychoses marked by disturbed thinking and disorganized speech. Key features that define these disorders are: Delusions - ANSWERSFixed beliefs that are not easy to change in light of conflicting evidence. Examples are persecutory delusions ("people are out to get me") or grandiose delusions ("I am the wealthiest, most famous, and important person in the world"). Disorganized thinking - ANSWERSThe person may switch from one topic to another, resulting in incoherent, incomprehensible speech. Abnormal motor behavior - ANSWERSThis disorganized behavior includes involuntary movements and mannerisms from childlike "silliness" to unpredictable agitation. Catatonic behavior is marked by decrease in reactivity to the environment, such as maintaining a rigid, inappropriate, or bizarre posture. Negative symptoms - ANSWERSTwo negative symptoms that are prominent in schizophrenia are flatness of affect (diminished emotional expression) and unwillingness to initiate purposeful activities. Sexual dysfunctions - ANSWERSare disturbances in a person's ability to respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure. Examples of sexual dysfunctions are delayed or premature ejaculation, orgasmic disorders, sexual interest/arousal disorders, and pelvic pain disorders. Paraphilia's - ANSWERS(para- = abnormal, -philia = attraction to or love of) are characterized by recurrent, intense, sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve sexual objects, activities, or situations. Examples if paraphilias - ANSWERSExhibitionism—compulsive need to expose one's body, particularly the genitals, to an unsuspecting stranger. • Fetishism—use of nonliving objects (articles of clothing) as substitutes for a human sexual love object. • Pedophilia—sexual urges and fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (age 13 or younger). • Sexual masochism—sexual gratification is gained by being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. • Sexual sadism—sexual gratification is gained by inflicting physical or psychological pain or humiliation on others. • Transvestic fetishism—cross-dressing; wearing clothing of the opposite sex accompanied by recurrent and intense sexual arousal. • Voyeurism—sexual excitement is achieved by observing unsuspecting people who are naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity. General dysphoria - ANSWERSis a strong and persistent cross-gender identification manifested in preference for dressing and gender roles typical for the opposite sex. There must also be evidence of distress about this difference in gender identification. Somatic symptom disorder - ANSWERSThis is classified as the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. Typically patients have persistent thoughts and a high level of anxiety about their symptoms. Illness anxiety disorder - ANSWERSThis is marked by preoccupation with having or acquiring a severe illness. Somatic symptoms are not present or if present, only mild in intensity. There is a high level of anxiety about health, and affected people engage in excessive health-related behaviors such as checks on their body for signs of illness Conversion disorder - ANSWERSThis is marked by specific neurologic signs or symptoms (such as numbness, paralysis, or blindness) with no actual, organic basis. These symptoms are the result of anxiety and unconscious inner conflict. In a conversion disorder, an unconscious conflict threatens to escape from repression (a defense mechanism in which a person removes unacceptable ideas or impulses from consciousness), and is experienced as a physical symptom. The conversion symptom (paralysis, blindness, seizures, and paresthesias) enables the affected person to avoid the conflict and get support from the surrounding environment. Substance-related addictive disorders - ANSWERSare characterized by symptoms and behavioral changes associated with regular use or discontinuation of substances that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Continued or periodic use of certain drugs produces a state of dependence. Psychological dependence - ANSWERSis a compulsion to continue taking a drug despite adverse consequences, and physiologic dependence is characterized by the onset of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued abruptly. Psychotherapy - ANSWERSis the treatment of emotional problems and disorders using psychological techniques. The following are psychotherapeutic techniques used by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - ANSWERSThis is a relatively short-term, focused psychotherapy for a wide range of psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, anger, marital conflict, fears, and substance abuse. The focus is on how the person Family therapy - ANSWERSTreatment of an entire family can help the individual members resolve and understand their conflicts and problems. Group therapy - ANSWERSIn a group with a mental health professional leader as a neutral moderator, patients with similar problems gain insight into their own personalities through discussions and interaction with each other. In psychodrama, patients express their feelings by acting out family and social roles along with other patient-actors on a stage. Hypnosis - ANSWERSA trance (state of altered consciousness) is created to help in recovery of deeply repressed memories. Hypnotic techniques also are used for anxiety reduction, for creating a sense of psychological safety, and for problem solving. Insight-oriented psychotherapy - ANSWERSThis type of psychotherapy uses face-to-face discussion of life problems and associated feelings. The aim is to increase understanding of underlying conflicts, themes, thoughts, and behavior patterns to improve mood (depressive feelings). Play therapy - ANSWERSIn this form of therapy, the child uses play with toys to express conflicts and feelings that he or she is unable to communicate in a direct manner. Psychoanalysis - ANSWERSThis long-term and intense form of psychotherapy seeks to influence behavior and resolve internal conflicts by allowing patients to bring their unconscious emotions to the surface. Through techniques such as free association (the patient speaks his or her thoughts one after another without censorship), transference (the patient relates to the therapist as to a person who figured prominently in early childhood, such as a parent or sibling), and dream interpretation, the patient is able to bring unconscious emotional conflicts to awareness and thus can overcome these problems. Sex therapy - ANSWERSthis form of therapy can help people overcome sexual dysfunctions such as frigidity (inhibited sexual response in women), impotence (inability of a man to achieve and/or maintain an erection), and premature ejaculation (release of semen before coitus can be achieved). Supportive psychotherapy - ANSWERSThe therapist offers encouragement, support, and hope to patients facing difficult life transitions and events. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - ANSWERSan electrical current is applied to the brain (usually to one hemisphere) after the patient is anesthetized, with assisted ventilation, and given a very short-acting muscle paralytic agent. Actual physical convulsions are therefore imperceptible. Antianxiety and antipanic agents - ANSWERShese drugs lessen anxiety, tension, and agitation, especially when they are associated with panic attacks. Antidepressants - ANSWERSThese drugs gradually reverse depressive symptoms and return the patient to a more even state, with less persistent and less severe depressive symptoms. The basic cause of depression is thought to be related to neurotransmitters in the brain. SSRIs - ANSWERS(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft). They improve mood, mental concentration, physical activity, and sleep patterns. Atypical antidepressants - ANSWERSThese are antidepressants that do not fit in defined categories. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are antidepressant drugs that modulate the two neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain Tricyclic antidepressants - ANSWERSThese drugs contain three fused rings in their chemical structure (that is, hence the designation tricyclic ). They disrupt neurotransmission at nerve endings. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors - ANSWERSThese drugs suppress an enzyme, monoamine oxidase, that normally breaks down neurotransmitters. MAO inhibitors are not as widely prescribed as other antidepressants because serious cardiovascular and liver complications can occur with their use. Significant dietary restrictions also are necessary to avoid adverse reactions. Anti-obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) agents - ANSWERSThese drugs are prescribed to relieve the symptoms of OCD. Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs are examples of these agents. Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) - ANSWERSThese drugs suppress psychotic symptoms and behavior (Greek lepsis means a taking hold). Atypical antipsychotics are the major examples. They are used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They reduce anxiety, tension, agitation, and aggressiveness and modify psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Mood stabilizers - ANSWERSThese drugs are used primarily to treat patients with the mood changes associated with bipolar disorder. Lithium (Eskalith, Lithane) is commonly used to reduce the frequency and severity of manic symptoms, such as rapid speech, hyperactive movements, grandiose ideas, agitation and irritability, and impaired sleep patterns (decreased need for sleep is typical). It also is used as an adjunct in the treatment of depression Stimulants - ANSWERSThese drugs (amphetamines) are prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and, to a lesser extent, adults. Common manifestations of ADHD are a short attention span and easy distractibility, emotional unstability, impulsivity, and moderate to severe hyperactivity. Affect - ANSWERSexternal expression of emotion or emotional response Anorexia nervosa - ANSWERSeating disorder with excessive dieting and refusal to maintain a normal body weight bullimia disorders - ANSWERSeating disorders with binge eating followed by vomiting, purging and depression cannabis - ANSWERSplant substance from which marjiuana is obtained defense mechanism - ANSWERSUnconscious technique (coping mechanism) used to resolve or conceal conflicts and anxiety. It protects the person against anxiety and stress; examples are acting out, denial, and repression. ego - ANSWERScentral coordinating branch of the personality or mind gender dysphoria - ANSWERSStrong and persistent cross-gender identification with the opposite sex that causes clinically significant distress. id - ANSWERSMajor unconscious part of the personality; energy from instinctual drives and desires. projective personality test - ANSWERSDiagnostic personality test using stimuli (inkblots, pictures, abstract patterns, incomplete sentences) to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual's personality. psychosis - ANSWERSDisorder marked by loss of contact with reality, often associated with delusions and hallucinations. reality testing - ANSWERSPsychological process that distinguishes fact from fantasy; severely impaired in psychosis. repression - ANSWERSDefense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses are automatically pushed into the unconscious, out of awareness. superego - ANSWERSInternalized conscience and moral aspect of the personality. benxodiazepines - ANSWERSdrugs that lessen anxiety, tension, agitation and panic attacks first generation antipsychotic drugs - ANSWERSearly neuroleptic medications that reduce psychotic symptoms free association - ANSWERSPsychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without censorship, the passing contents of his or her mind. insight-oriented therapy - ANSWERSFace-to-face discussion of life problems and associated feelings. The patient tells his or her story and has the opportunity to connect emotional patterns in his or her life history with present concerns. Also called psychodynamic therapy. lithium - ANSWERSmedication to treat bipolar illness transference - ANSWERSPsychoanalytic process in which the patient relates to the therapist as though the therapist were a prominent childhood figure. anxi/o - ANSWERSuneasy, anxious, distressed aut/o - ANSWERSself hallucin/o - ANSWERShallucination, to wander in the mid hypn.o - ANSWERSsleep iatr/o - ANSWERStreatment ment/o - ANSWERSmind neur/o - ANSWERSnerve phil/o - ANSWERSattraction to, love phren/o - ANSWERSmind psych/o - ANSWERSmind schiz/o - ANSWERSsplit somat/o - ANSWERSbody -genic - ANSWERSproduced by -leptic - ANSWERSto seize hold of -mania - ANSWERSobsessive preoccupation -phobia - ANSWERSfear -phoria - ANSWERSfeelin, bearing thymia - ANSWERSmind aerophobia - ANSWERSair zoophobia - ANSWERSanimals apiphobia, meissophobia - ANSWERSbees heamtophobia, hemophobia - ANSWERSblood or bleeding bibliophobia - ANSWERSbooks ailurophobia - ANSWERScats necrophobia - ANSWERScorpses geophyrophobia - ANSWERScrossing a bridge nyctophobia, scotophobia - ANSWERSdarkness thanatophobia - ANSWERSdeath cynophobia - ANSWERSdogs pharmacophobia - ANSWERSdrugs phagophobia - ANSWERSeatin claustrophobia - ANSWERSenclosed places acrophobia - ANSWERSheights trichophobia, trichopathophobia - ANSWERShair entomophobia - ANSWERSinsects photophobia - ANSWERSlight gamophobia - ANSWERSmarriage androphobia - ANSWERSmen belonephobia - ANSWERSneedles algophobia - ANSWERSpain coitophobia, cypridophobia - ANSWERSsexual intercourse hypnophobia - ANSWERSsleep ophidiophobia - ANSWERSsnakes aeachnophobia - ANSWERSspiders hodophobia - ANSWERStraveling emetophobia - ANSWERSvomiting gynephobia, gynophobia - ANSWERSwomen helminthophobia - ANSWERSworms graphophobia - ANSWERSwriting a-, an- - ANSWERSno, not cata- - ANSWERSdown hypo- - ANSWERSdeficient, less than, below para- - ANSWERSabnormal ADLs - ANSWERSactivities of daily living AIMS - ANSWERSabnormal involuntary movement scale—used to monitor signs of tardive dyskinesia ASD - ANSWERSautism spectrum disorder CA - ANSWERSchronological age DSM-5 - ANSWERSDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition DT - ANSWERSdelirium tremens ECT - ANSWERSelectroconvulsive therapy ID - ANSWERSintellectual disability IQ - ANSWERSintelligence quotient An IQ test is a standardized test to determine mental age of an individual. The average person is considered to have an IQ of between 90 and 110. Those who score below 70 are considered to have an intellectual disability. LSD - ANSWERSlysergic acid diethylamide—a hallucinogen MA - ANSWERSmental age MAOI - ANSWERSmonoamine oxidase inhibitor; an example is phenelzine (Nardil) MDD - ANSWERSmajor depressive disorder MMPI - ANSWERSMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory NCD - ANSWERSneurocognitive disorder Rx - ANSWERStherapy SNRI - ANSWERSserotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; an example is duloxetine (Cymbalta) TAT - ANSWERSThematic Apperception Test TCA - ANSWERStricyclic antidepressant TD - ANSWERStardive dyskinesia THC - ANSWERSdelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol—active ingredient in marijuana WAIS - ANSWERSWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC - ANSWERSWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Ψ - ANSWERSsymbol for psych ΨRx - ANSWERSpsychotherapy