CHP 8 2. Topoisomerase & gyrase relax the strands; helicase separates the
Structure & Function of the Genetic Material strands & creates replication fork
● Genetics = study of what genes are, how they carry information, 3. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to growing 2
how their information is expressed, & how they are replicated to new DNA strand
pass on to subsequent generations 4. New double-stranded DNA molecule contains 1 original & 1 new
● DNA in cells exists as a double-stranded helix; the 2 strands are held strand = semiconservative
together by hydrogen bonds b/n nitrogenous base pairs: AT & CG 5. DNA is synthesized in one direction designated 5’ => 3’
● Gene = segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a 6. Leading strand is synthesized continuously
protein 7. Lagging strand discontinuous (Okazaki fragments)
● Genome = all genetic info in a cell 8. DNA polymerase= removes RNA primers; Okazaki fragments are
● DNA in a cell is duplicated before cell divides; each offspring cell joined by ligase; proofreads new DNA & removes mismatched
receives the same genetic information bases before DNA synthesis
● Genetic code = set of rules that determine how nucleotide sequence
is converted to amino acid sequence of protein
● DNA => RNA => Protein (central dogma)
Genotype & Phenotype
● Genotype = genetic makeup of an organism
● Phenotype = expression of the genes
DNA & Chromosomes
● Bacteria = have single circular chromosome made of DNA & proteins
● Short tandem repeats (STRs) = repeating sequence of noncoding
DNA
The Flow of Genetic Information
● Vertical gene transfer = flow genetic info from 1 generation to next
● After cell division, each offspring cell receives a chromosome that
identical to parent’s RNA & Protein Synthesis
● Information contained in the DNA is transcribed into RNA & ● During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a
translated into proteins strand of RNA from one strand of double-stranded DNA, which
● Expression = genetic info is used w/in cell to produce proteins serves as a template
● Recombination = genetic info is transferred horizontally b/n cells of ● RNA is synthesized from nucleotides containing the bases A, C, G,
same generation and U, which pair w/ bases of the DNA strand being transcribed
● Replication = genetic info is transferred vertically to next generation ● RNA polymerase binds the promoter; transcription begins at AUG;
, DNA Replication the region of DNA that is the end point of transcription is the
● Replicate bidirectionally terminator; RNA is synthesized in the 5’ => 3’ direction
1. 1 strand serves as template for 2nd second
Structure & Function of the Genetic Material strands & creates replication fork
● Genetics = study of what genes are, how they carry information, 3. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to growing 2
how their information is expressed, & how they are replicated to new DNA strand
pass on to subsequent generations 4. New double-stranded DNA molecule contains 1 original & 1 new
● DNA in cells exists as a double-stranded helix; the 2 strands are held strand = semiconservative
together by hydrogen bonds b/n nitrogenous base pairs: AT & CG 5. DNA is synthesized in one direction designated 5’ => 3’
● Gene = segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a 6. Leading strand is synthesized continuously
protein 7. Lagging strand discontinuous (Okazaki fragments)
● Genome = all genetic info in a cell 8. DNA polymerase= removes RNA primers; Okazaki fragments are
● DNA in a cell is duplicated before cell divides; each offspring cell joined by ligase; proofreads new DNA & removes mismatched
receives the same genetic information bases before DNA synthesis
● Genetic code = set of rules that determine how nucleotide sequence
is converted to amino acid sequence of protein
● DNA => RNA => Protein (central dogma)
Genotype & Phenotype
● Genotype = genetic makeup of an organism
● Phenotype = expression of the genes
DNA & Chromosomes
● Bacteria = have single circular chromosome made of DNA & proteins
● Short tandem repeats (STRs) = repeating sequence of noncoding
DNA
The Flow of Genetic Information
● Vertical gene transfer = flow genetic info from 1 generation to next
● After cell division, each offspring cell receives a chromosome that
identical to parent’s RNA & Protein Synthesis
● Information contained in the DNA is transcribed into RNA & ● During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a
translated into proteins strand of RNA from one strand of double-stranded DNA, which
● Expression = genetic info is used w/in cell to produce proteins serves as a template
● Recombination = genetic info is transferred horizontally b/n cells of ● RNA is synthesized from nucleotides containing the bases A, C, G,
same generation and U, which pair w/ bases of the DNA strand being transcribed
● Replication = genetic info is transferred vertically to next generation ● RNA polymerase binds the promoter; transcription begins at AUG;
, DNA Replication the region of DNA that is the end point of transcription is the
● Replicate bidirectionally terminator; RNA is synthesized in the 5’ => 3’ direction
1. 1 strand serves as template for 2nd second
