PSYC356 Chapter 5 Exam Latest Update
What is 'attachment'? - ANSWER The emotional bond that an infant forms with a
caregiver
What is 'attachment security'? - ANSWER Internal working model is one of themselves
as worthy of care and others as reliable caregivers
What is 'attachment insecurity'? - ANSWER Internal working model of the self as
unworthy of care and others as unreliable caregivers
What are the 'patterns of insecurity'? - ANSWER - Resistant attachment: generally
related to inconsistent or unpredictable care
- Avoidant attachment: generally related to inadequate care
- Disorganized attachment: signals that the caregiver is perceived as frightening,
frightened, or malicious
What is the 'strange situation paradigm 1'? - ANSWER - Mary Ainsworth
- Developed as an extension of Bowlby's attachment theory
- The caregiver and child enter a room with toys, and the child is allowed to explore. A
stranger enters the room, talks to the caregiver, and approaches the child. The
caregiver leaves the child with the stranger. The caregiver returns, and the stranger
leaves. The caregiver leaves the child alone in the room. The stranger returns to the
room. The caregiver returns, and the stranger leaves.
What does the 'strange situation paradigm' look like for each attachment pattern? -
ANSWER - Secure Attachment: children feel secure when the caregiver is present, may
become upset when the caregiver leaves, but are easily comforted upon their return.
- Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: children may avoid the caregiver, show little distress
when they leave, and may not seek comfort upon their return.
- Insecure-Resistant/Anxious Attachment: children may be clingy, show high levels of
distress when the caregiver leaves, and may have difficulty being comforted upon their
return
What are the main components of attachment? - ANSWER - Caregiver provides a safe
haven
- Separation distress
- Allow for proximity maintenance
- Act as a secure base
, What are other characterizations of 'attachment'? - ANSWER - Parental sensitivity is
critical
- Secure base during times of distress is fundamental; Learning occurs during stressful
situations
What is 'temperament'? - ANSWER - Early emerging basic dispositions in the domains of
activity, affectivity, attention, and self-regulation, and these dis- positions are the
product of complex interactions among genetic, biological, and environmental factors
across time
- Refers to child's early development of personality; but strong genetic component
- Also refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development
What are the 2 'broad dimensions' of temperament? - ANSWER - Reactivity: involves the
infant's excitability and responsiveness
- Regulation: involves what the infant does to control their reactivity
What is the 'continuous approach' to temperament? - ANSWER Current continuous, or
dimensional, models of temperament emphasize surgency, negative affectivity, and
effortful control
- Surgency reflects infant and toddler sociability and positive emotionality
- Negative affectivity reflects infant and toddler predispositions to experience fear and
frustration/anger
- Effortful control reflects infant and toddler attempts to regulate stimulation and
response
What is the 'categorical approach' to temperament'? - ANSWER Suggests that 4-6
temperamental profiles have been identified:
- Typical patterns of emotional activity, and regulation (Easy baby)
- High reactivity + high negative affect + regulation difficulties; (Difficult baby)
- High reactivity + High fear + regulation difficulties; and (Slow-to-warm baby)
- High reactivity + positive affect + a range of regulation responses
What are the 'contributing factors' toward temperament? - ANSWER - Dynamic
biology-environment interplay
- Influenced by >700 genes
- Genes involved in cellular processes of synaptic plasticity, associative conditioning,
and related processes of stress reactivity and neurotransmission
What is 'attachment'? - ANSWER The emotional bond that an infant forms with a
caregiver
What is 'attachment security'? - ANSWER Internal working model is one of themselves
as worthy of care and others as reliable caregivers
What is 'attachment insecurity'? - ANSWER Internal working model of the self as
unworthy of care and others as unreliable caregivers
What are the 'patterns of insecurity'? - ANSWER - Resistant attachment: generally
related to inconsistent or unpredictable care
- Avoidant attachment: generally related to inadequate care
- Disorganized attachment: signals that the caregiver is perceived as frightening,
frightened, or malicious
What is the 'strange situation paradigm 1'? - ANSWER - Mary Ainsworth
- Developed as an extension of Bowlby's attachment theory
- The caregiver and child enter a room with toys, and the child is allowed to explore. A
stranger enters the room, talks to the caregiver, and approaches the child. The
caregiver leaves the child with the stranger. The caregiver returns, and the stranger
leaves. The caregiver leaves the child alone in the room. The stranger returns to the
room. The caregiver returns, and the stranger leaves.
What does the 'strange situation paradigm' look like for each attachment pattern? -
ANSWER - Secure Attachment: children feel secure when the caregiver is present, may
become upset when the caregiver leaves, but are easily comforted upon their return.
- Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: children may avoid the caregiver, show little distress
when they leave, and may not seek comfort upon their return.
- Insecure-Resistant/Anxious Attachment: children may be clingy, show high levels of
distress when the caregiver leaves, and may have difficulty being comforted upon their
return
What are the main components of attachment? - ANSWER - Caregiver provides a safe
haven
- Separation distress
- Allow for proximity maintenance
- Act as a secure base
, What are other characterizations of 'attachment'? - ANSWER - Parental sensitivity is
critical
- Secure base during times of distress is fundamental; Learning occurs during stressful
situations
What is 'temperament'? - ANSWER - Early emerging basic dispositions in the domains of
activity, affectivity, attention, and self-regulation, and these dis- positions are the
product of complex interactions among genetic, biological, and environmental factors
across time
- Refers to child's early development of personality; but strong genetic component
- Also refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development
What are the 2 'broad dimensions' of temperament? - ANSWER - Reactivity: involves the
infant's excitability and responsiveness
- Regulation: involves what the infant does to control their reactivity
What is the 'continuous approach' to temperament? - ANSWER Current continuous, or
dimensional, models of temperament emphasize surgency, negative affectivity, and
effortful control
- Surgency reflects infant and toddler sociability and positive emotionality
- Negative affectivity reflects infant and toddler predispositions to experience fear and
frustration/anger
- Effortful control reflects infant and toddler attempts to regulate stimulation and
response
What is the 'categorical approach' to temperament'? - ANSWER Suggests that 4-6
temperamental profiles have been identified:
- Typical patterns of emotional activity, and regulation (Easy baby)
- High reactivity + high negative affect + regulation difficulties; (Difficult baby)
- High reactivity + High fear + regulation difficulties; and (Slow-to-warm baby)
- High reactivity + positive affect + a range of regulation responses
What are the 'contributing factors' toward temperament? - ANSWER - Dynamic
biology-environment interplay
- Influenced by >700 genes
- Genes involved in cellular processes of synaptic plasticity, associative conditioning,
and related processes of stress reactivity and neurotransmission
