Psychology Studies – ALL Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Psychology Studies – ALL Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Bartlett (1932) - Aim: To determine how social and cultural factors influence schemas and hence can lead to memory distortions. Method: Participants were from an English background. Were first asked to read a Native American folk tale. (The war of Ghosts). He tested their memory by using serial and repeated reproduction. Serial reproduction: the first participant reading the story reproduces it on a paper, the seconds participant reads that paper and reproduces what he/she remembers. And that goes on until it's reproduced by six/seven different participants. Repeated reproduction: the same participant reproduces the story six or seven times from their own previous reproductions. Their reproductions occurred between time intervals from 15 minutes to as long as 4 months. 2100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 Results: Both methods lead to similar results. As the number of reproductions increased, the story became shorter and there were more changes to the story. The changes made by the participants in thie reproduction show the alteration of culturally unfamiliar things into what the English participants were culturally familiar with. He found that recalled stories were distorted and altered in various ways making it more conventional and cultural perspective (rationalization). Conclusion: Memory is inaccurate and is always subject to reconstruction based on pre-existing schemas. Brown and Kulik (1977) - Aim: To investigate correlations between cultures and flashbulb memories To determine the conditions in which flashbulb memories are created. Method: Participants: 40 African-Americans 40 Caucasian Americans 3100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 Year 20-60 Questionnaires about 10 very unexpected or novel events 9 of them public, 1 personal Also filled in if they talked about the event with someone (overt rehearsal) Results: African Americans: John f Kennedy:40 Malcolm x:14 Gerald Ford:16 Martin Luther King:30 Caucasian Americans: John F. Kennedy: 39 Malcolm X:1 Gerald Ford: 23 Martin Luther King:13 4100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 Remembered vivid memories from the different events Jfk was the memory that most remembered (79/80) JFK was also rehearsed the most. African Americans had more flashbulb memories than Caucasian Americans The personal FMB was most often a death of someone close. Most often remembered things: Place, ongoing activity, information, own affect, other affect and aftermath Conclusion: FMB forms from surprising and emotional events and are maintained by overt rehaearsal. The difference between FMB and regular memories is FBM being more vivid and longer lasting Suggests that Flahshbulb memories form when related to you. Glanzer and Kunitz (1966) - Aim: To test the hypothesis that there are two distinct storage mechanisms that produce the serial position curve in free recall. 5100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 Method: Participants were introduced to 15 words, one at a time (one word at the time). There were two conditions, immediate free recall (IFR) where participants were to repeat the words immediately after, in any order, and the other one were delayed free recall (DFR) where the participants where to wait for 30 seconds and then count backward - this to prevent rehearsing and then recall the word in any order. Results: Participants remembered the first and last few words better and the results were so that the fell into a pattern known as the ''serial position curve'' which means that the tops of performance are in the beginning and end. In the IFR condition there were a true serial postion curve, both the top at the beginning and the end. But in the DFR the last few words were not recalled because of loss through decay. Conclusion: Supports the -multi-store-model in the way memory consists of different storage systems. 6100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 Explained the primacy effect (recalling the first words) by claiming it was recalle from the Long term storage (LTS). First words attracted attention and were rehearsed in Short term storage (STS) and then transferred to LTS. Explained the recency effect (recalling the last words) by claiming that it was recalled from the STS. During the DFR the rehearsal was busy with other information and could therefore not rehears the word and store them in LTS.