NU221 Lecture Midterm Exam With
Correct Solutions
Milk reservoirs - ANSWER The ducts form ampullae, or lactiferous sinuses behind the
nipple that are reservoirs for storing milk.
Breast growth - ANSWER During puberty beast growth is stimulated by estrogen. The
breast's enlarge due to extensive fat deposition. The duct system grows and branches.
The masses of small solid cells develop at the duct endings.
The adolescent breast growth - ANSWER African Americans- 8-9 years
White races- 10 years
Obesity in young girls may result in early breast formation
One breast may grow faster than the other
Breast development follows stages, Tanner staging
stages of breast development - ANSWER Stage 1: ( preadolescent) there is only small
elevated nipple
Stage 2: ( breast bud stage) a small mound of breast and nipple develops; Areola widens
Stage 3: the breast and areola enlarge
Stage 4: the areola and nipple form a secondary mound over he breast
Stage 5: (Mature breast) only the nipple protrudes; the areola is flush with the breast
contour
Tanner stages - ANSWER a widely used system that describes the five stages of
pubertal development
thelarche - ANSWER beginning of breast development
manarche - ANSWER beginning of menstruation (occurs in Tanner stages 3/4)
Breast changes during pregnancy - ANSWER a. Breast size increases, and breasts may
be tender.
b. Nipples become more pronounced.
c. The areolae become darker in color.
,d. Superficial veins become prominent.
e. Hypertrophy of Montgomery's follicles occurs.
f. Colostrum may leak from the breast.
g. the ductal system and supporting fatty tissue expands
breasts in the aging woman - ANSWER breasts look pendulous, flattened. nipple may be
retracted but can be pulled outward. breasts feel more granular, and palpable, firm,
stringy lactiferous ducts.
breasts decrease in size and elasticity causing them to droop and look flabby
gynecomastia - ANSWER Development of breast tissue in males
Most common in adolescence
May appear in the aging male due to testosterone deficiency
It can be unilateral or bilateral
Can occur with the use of anabolic steroids, some medications, cirrhosis and other
diseases
breast cancer - ANSWER malignant tumor of the breast
All women have certain tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1 & BRCA2); women who inherit
a mutation of one or both have a higher risk or developing breast or ovarian cancer
white women are at higher risk than black women
breast cancer survival rates depends on the stage when diagnosed
Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake may increase the risk of breast cancer
Overweight or obsese women also have a greater risk of developing breast cancer
Mammography Screening - ANSWER X-ray of the breast tissue to detect abnormal
growths
Women should get a mammogram at least once a year usually starting at age 40 but it
may vary
vertical strip pattern - ANSWER The best method used to detect a breast mass
Start high in the axilla and palpate down down the midaxillary line just lateral to the
breast down to the bra line. Proceed medially in overlapping vertical lines ending at the
sternal edge.
Describe the components of the breast examination - ANSWER Subjective:
, -Breast: Pain, Lump, Discharge, Rash, Swelling, Trauma, Hx of breast dx, srugery or
radiation, medications, pt-centered
-Axilla: tenderness, lump, swelling, rash
Objective:
-Inspection: General appearance, skin, lymphatic drainage areas, nipple, maneuvers for
screen retration
-Inspect and Palpate the Axilla
-Palpate breasts
-Teach breast self-examination
List points to include in teaching the breast self-examination - ANSWER -Early detection
of breast cancer is important, if cancer isn't invasive, survival rate is 98%
-Explain correct techniques and rationales and expected findings
-Perform in front of mirror while disrobed
-Palpate in shower, then while laying supine
*Perform right after menstrual period (or familiar date once a month after menopause)
Differentiate bt the female and male examination procedures and findings - ANSWER
Male: can have abbreviate exam, but do not omit.
-can just combine with anterior thorax
-Gynecomastia--> benign breast growth in adolescent male
benign breast disease - ANSWER bilateral nodules; pain (dull, heavy and cyclic) Can
make detecting cancerous lumps difficult
abcess - ANSWER Packet of puss that feels hard, looks red, and is tender
acute mastitis - ANSWER Inflammatory mass before abscess. Usually single quadrant,
red, swollen, tender, hot and hard.
usually with lactation because of stasis or plugged duct
fibroadenoma - ANSWER solitary nontender mass that is solid, firm, rubbery, and
elastic; round, oval, or lobulated; detected in late adolescence. Benign!
cancer in breast - ANSWER solitary, unilateral, nontender. solid, hard, dense, and fixed.
Grows constantly
paget disease - ANSWER -early lesion has unilateral, clear, yellow discharge and dry,
scaling crusts, friable. Erythmatous halo on areola
Correct Solutions
Milk reservoirs - ANSWER The ducts form ampullae, or lactiferous sinuses behind the
nipple that are reservoirs for storing milk.
Breast growth - ANSWER During puberty beast growth is stimulated by estrogen. The
breast's enlarge due to extensive fat deposition. The duct system grows and branches.
The masses of small solid cells develop at the duct endings.
The adolescent breast growth - ANSWER African Americans- 8-9 years
White races- 10 years
Obesity in young girls may result in early breast formation
One breast may grow faster than the other
Breast development follows stages, Tanner staging
stages of breast development - ANSWER Stage 1: ( preadolescent) there is only small
elevated nipple
Stage 2: ( breast bud stage) a small mound of breast and nipple develops; Areola widens
Stage 3: the breast and areola enlarge
Stage 4: the areola and nipple form a secondary mound over he breast
Stage 5: (Mature breast) only the nipple protrudes; the areola is flush with the breast
contour
Tanner stages - ANSWER a widely used system that describes the five stages of
pubertal development
thelarche - ANSWER beginning of breast development
manarche - ANSWER beginning of menstruation (occurs in Tanner stages 3/4)
Breast changes during pregnancy - ANSWER a. Breast size increases, and breasts may
be tender.
b. Nipples become more pronounced.
c. The areolae become darker in color.
,d. Superficial veins become prominent.
e. Hypertrophy of Montgomery's follicles occurs.
f. Colostrum may leak from the breast.
g. the ductal system and supporting fatty tissue expands
breasts in the aging woman - ANSWER breasts look pendulous, flattened. nipple may be
retracted but can be pulled outward. breasts feel more granular, and palpable, firm,
stringy lactiferous ducts.
breasts decrease in size and elasticity causing them to droop and look flabby
gynecomastia - ANSWER Development of breast tissue in males
Most common in adolescence
May appear in the aging male due to testosterone deficiency
It can be unilateral or bilateral
Can occur with the use of anabolic steroids, some medications, cirrhosis and other
diseases
breast cancer - ANSWER malignant tumor of the breast
All women have certain tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1 & BRCA2); women who inherit
a mutation of one or both have a higher risk or developing breast or ovarian cancer
white women are at higher risk than black women
breast cancer survival rates depends on the stage when diagnosed
Lifestyle factors such as alcohol intake may increase the risk of breast cancer
Overweight or obsese women also have a greater risk of developing breast cancer
Mammography Screening - ANSWER X-ray of the breast tissue to detect abnormal
growths
Women should get a mammogram at least once a year usually starting at age 40 but it
may vary
vertical strip pattern - ANSWER The best method used to detect a breast mass
Start high in the axilla and palpate down down the midaxillary line just lateral to the
breast down to the bra line. Proceed medially in overlapping vertical lines ending at the
sternal edge.
Describe the components of the breast examination - ANSWER Subjective:
, -Breast: Pain, Lump, Discharge, Rash, Swelling, Trauma, Hx of breast dx, srugery or
radiation, medications, pt-centered
-Axilla: tenderness, lump, swelling, rash
Objective:
-Inspection: General appearance, skin, lymphatic drainage areas, nipple, maneuvers for
screen retration
-Inspect and Palpate the Axilla
-Palpate breasts
-Teach breast self-examination
List points to include in teaching the breast self-examination - ANSWER -Early detection
of breast cancer is important, if cancer isn't invasive, survival rate is 98%
-Explain correct techniques and rationales and expected findings
-Perform in front of mirror while disrobed
-Palpate in shower, then while laying supine
*Perform right after menstrual period (or familiar date once a month after menopause)
Differentiate bt the female and male examination procedures and findings - ANSWER
Male: can have abbreviate exam, but do not omit.
-can just combine with anterior thorax
-Gynecomastia--> benign breast growth in adolescent male
benign breast disease - ANSWER bilateral nodules; pain (dull, heavy and cyclic) Can
make detecting cancerous lumps difficult
abcess - ANSWER Packet of puss that feels hard, looks red, and is tender
acute mastitis - ANSWER Inflammatory mass before abscess. Usually single quadrant,
red, swollen, tender, hot and hard.
usually with lactation because of stasis or plugged duct
fibroadenoma - ANSWER solitary nontender mass that is solid, firm, rubbery, and
elastic; round, oval, or lobulated; detected in late adolescence. Benign!
cancer in breast - ANSWER solitary, unilateral, nontender. solid, hard, dense, and fixed.
Grows constantly
paget disease - ANSWER -early lesion has unilateral, clear, yellow discharge and dry,
scaling crusts, friable. Erythmatous halo on areola
