PSC 152 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!!
What are two classes of strategies for making social inferences? What are examples of
each?
Evidence-based strategies (evidence bc its things we are actually looking at)
Behaviors in context
Facial expressions/ characteristics
Extra-target strategies
Stereotyping
Projection- using one's own mental states
What is Epley’s anchoring-and-adjustment model? Which step is effortful and which is
effortless?
1) anchor on own mental states (effortless)
2) adjust for differences between target and self (requires effort)
Adjustment often insufficient and leads to egocentric biases
What is the false consensus effect?
,When we assume others share our own beliefs, attitudes, etc.
What is the curse of knowledge, and how is it illustrated by research using the false
belief task and by the “Sarcastic E-mail” study?
The curse of knowledge is the tendency to be biases by our own knowledge when
predicting another's less informed perspective
In the false belief task the participants were told that Sally placed a ball in a box to go
outside, then someone moved the ball, which box would Sally most likely choose?
People who were in the informed group, and knew specifically which box her friends
placed it in were more likely to choose that new box, because they were not able to
separate what they knew with what Vicky knew.
In the Sarcastic E-mail study, participants received 20 statements (10 serious, 10
sarcastic), and they were asked to estimate the percent of statements their partner
would guess correctly. It was found that when the communication was through voice
recordings, there was a smaller difference between guess and real, however in the
e-mail, participants guessed at the same percentage as voice recordings, when in
reality it was much lower.
What are the illusion of transparency and the spotlight effect?
The spotlight effect is when we think people pay more attention to us than they rlly do
The illusion of transparency is when we think that our own private thoughts are more
available tto other people than they actually are
Ex: the lie detection study, they told ps to tell 4 truths, and 1 lie, then they asked them to
predict if the other people were able to tell when they were lying. People guessed that
about half of the people could tell that they were lying, when in beauty it was around
25%
What are the moderators discussed in class that increase and decrease egocentrism,
, and how have these effects been demonstrated experimentally?
Increase egocentrism
Cognitive load/ time pressure
Visual perspective taking tasks, when we have time pressure, we see egocentric bias,
with a bigger margin, we have a hard time putting aside what we know with what the
other person knows
Anxiety
Spatial perspective taking, when the participant wrote about an anxious time, they often
said more that the book was on the right, which was the self-oriented side, showing
more egocentrism
Power
They had the people write about a time when they had high power, and a time they had
low power, then they had them write a letter on their head, it showed that then they were
in the high power section, they had a higher chance of egocentricism
Decreased egocentrism
Accuracy incentives
Paying people to be less egocentric
Collectivist culture/ bilingualism
People from individualistic cultures focus more on themselves
Executive function: do people who can speak more than one language have a better
executive function? ( may not actually be true)
Dissimilar/ outgroup target
We are better at taking the perspectives of people who differ from us versus people who
are dissimilar to us
Ingroup vs outgroup study, same with the box, however the name of the girl matched the
race of the participant. It was found that the same egocentric bias was shown when they
were in the ingroup, but with a higher margin than the original study without the race
involved... on the other hand, in the outgroup, the egocentric bias was eliminated
completely
This was also shown in the mascot study, with the visual perspective taking, people in
the ingroup had a larger difference as they were not able to separate what they knew
with what the mascot could see
VERIFIED!!
What are two classes of strategies for making social inferences? What are examples of
each?
Evidence-based strategies (evidence bc its things we are actually looking at)
Behaviors in context
Facial expressions/ characteristics
Extra-target strategies
Stereotyping
Projection- using one's own mental states
What is Epley’s anchoring-and-adjustment model? Which step is effortful and which is
effortless?
1) anchor on own mental states (effortless)
2) adjust for differences between target and self (requires effort)
Adjustment often insufficient and leads to egocentric biases
What is the false consensus effect?
,When we assume others share our own beliefs, attitudes, etc.
What is the curse of knowledge, and how is it illustrated by research using the false
belief task and by the “Sarcastic E-mail” study?
The curse of knowledge is the tendency to be biases by our own knowledge when
predicting another's less informed perspective
In the false belief task the participants were told that Sally placed a ball in a box to go
outside, then someone moved the ball, which box would Sally most likely choose?
People who were in the informed group, and knew specifically which box her friends
placed it in were more likely to choose that new box, because they were not able to
separate what they knew with what Vicky knew.
In the Sarcastic E-mail study, participants received 20 statements (10 serious, 10
sarcastic), and they were asked to estimate the percent of statements their partner
would guess correctly. It was found that when the communication was through voice
recordings, there was a smaller difference between guess and real, however in the
e-mail, participants guessed at the same percentage as voice recordings, when in
reality it was much lower.
What are the illusion of transparency and the spotlight effect?
The spotlight effect is when we think people pay more attention to us than they rlly do
The illusion of transparency is when we think that our own private thoughts are more
available tto other people than they actually are
Ex: the lie detection study, they told ps to tell 4 truths, and 1 lie, then they asked them to
predict if the other people were able to tell when they were lying. People guessed that
about half of the people could tell that they were lying, when in beauty it was around
25%
What are the moderators discussed in class that increase and decrease egocentrism,
, and how have these effects been demonstrated experimentally?
Increase egocentrism
Cognitive load/ time pressure
Visual perspective taking tasks, when we have time pressure, we see egocentric bias,
with a bigger margin, we have a hard time putting aside what we know with what the
other person knows
Anxiety
Spatial perspective taking, when the participant wrote about an anxious time, they often
said more that the book was on the right, which was the self-oriented side, showing
more egocentrism
Power
They had the people write about a time when they had high power, and a time they had
low power, then they had them write a letter on their head, it showed that then they were
in the high power section, they had a higher chance of egocentricism
Decreased egocentrism
Accuracy incentives
Paying people to be less egocentric
Collectivist culture/ bilingualism
People from individualistic cultures focus more on themselves
Executive function: do people who can speak more than one language have a better
executive function? ( may not actually be true)
Dissimilar/ outgroup target
We are better at taking the perspectives of people who differ from us versus people who
are dissimilar to us
Ingroup vs outgroup study, same with the box, however the name of the girl matched the
race of the participant. It was found that the same egocentric bias was shown when they
were in the ingroup, but with a higher margin than the original study without the race
involved... on the other hand, in the outgroup, the egocentric bias was eliminated
completely
This was also shown in the mascot study, with the visual perspective taking, people in
the ingroup had a larger difference as they were not able to separate what they knew
with what the mascot could see
