Biological Science, Canadian Edition., 2e (Freeman et al.)
Chapter 1 Biology and the Tree of Life
1) The pattern component of the cell theory claims that all organisms consist of cells.
A) true
B) false
TEST ITEM FILE Answer: A
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Remembering
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
FOR 2) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
A) There is no difference—the terms are interchangeable.
B) A theory is an explanation for a very general phenomenon or observation; hypotheses treat
more specific observations.
C) A hypothesis is an explanation for a very general phenomenon; theories treat more specific
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE issues.
D) Theories define scientific laws; hypotheses are used to set up experiments.
Answer: B
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Comprehension
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
3) Algae in the genus Caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have
Textbook Authors structures similar to stems, leaves, and roots. Reproduction occurs when adults produce sperm
and eggs that fuse to form offspring. Each adult Caulerpa, however, consists of just a single cell.
Which of the following statements is true?
Scott Freeman, University of Washington
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory—that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory—that all cells come from
Michael Harrington, University of Alberta preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
Joan Sharp, Simon Fraser University D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Comprehension
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
4) Which statement about spontaneous generation is FALSE?
A) Pasteur demonstrated that it does not occur under normal laboratory conditions.
B) It apparently occurred at least once–when life on Earth began.
C) It occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species.
D) It addresses the formation of living cells from previously nonliving material.
Answer: C
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Remembering
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
,5) Recall Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. Originally, he used sealed and 8) Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of Staphylococcus
unsealed flasks instead of swan-necked and unsealed flasks. Critics claimed that the experiment aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most antibiotics. If antibiotic use
was inconclusive. Which of the following criticisms would be addressed by using a swan-necked were stopped, what would you predict would happen to these S. aureus populations?
flask instead of the sealed flask? A) They will go extinct without the antibiotic.
A) The broth was heated too intensively. B) The populations will begin colonizing new environments.
B) There had not been enough time for spontaneous generation to occur. C) The frequency of nonresistant forms will increase in these populations.
C) Fresh air is required for spontaneous generation. D) The frequency of resistant forms will definitely increase in these populations.
D) The broth was not nutritious enough. Answer: C
Answer: C Reference: Section 1.2
Reference: Section 1.1 Bloom's Level: Applying
Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
6) Which of the following is the best example of a heritable variation?
A) skin cancer 9) Environments all over the world are changing as a result of global warming. Could this
B) amputation influence natural selection?
C) red hair A) No. The environment is always changing. Global warming is nothing new.
D) love for music B) Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments will
Answer: C increase in frequency.
Reference: Section 1.2 C) No. The only change will be that species from hot environments will expand their ranges.
Bloom's Level: Comprehension D) Yes. Mutations occur more frequently in hot environments.
LOs: Chp1-1. Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organisms. Answer: B
Reference: Section 1.2
7) How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? Bloom's Level: Applying
A) Artificial selection occurs only in computer simulations, not with actual organisms. LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
B) Artificial selection is based on conscious choices by humans. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
C) Artificial selection occurs only with plants. population.
D) Artificial selection is not based on heritable variation, but on new mutations.
Answer: B 10) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed chili
Reference: Section 1.2 peppers that have low amounts of capsaicin over many generations in order to make them milder
Bloom's Level: Comprehension (have less capsaicin). What process is occurring?
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that A) heritable variation
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a B) environmental change
population. C) natural selection
D) artificial selection
Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.2
Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
,11) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed only the 14) One aspect of Darwin's theory of natural selection is that adaptations not useful to fitness are
hottest chili peppers over many generations–predict the characteristics of the resulting lost faster if they have a greater cost. With this in mind, which of the following explanation is
individuals. most likely true?
A) larger fruits A) Our little toe is not going away in the near future.
B) smaller fruits B) The human appendix must currently serve an essential function or it would not be in our
C) less capsaicin bodies.
D) more capsaicin C) It is a mystery why we do not have tails.
Answer: D D) Humans are relatively hairless because we look better without hair.
Reference: Section 1.2 Answer: A
Bloom's Level: Applying Reference: Section 1.3
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that Bloom's Level: Applying
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
population. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
12) Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as
Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is supported by 15) Many phylogenetic trees are based on DNA sequence similarities. What is the practical result
this observation? of this similarity?
A) In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features. A) Closely related species will not look similar to each other.
B) Heritable variation is low–otherwise the wild strain would have different characteristics. B) Artificial selection can bring closely related species even closer to each other.
C) Natural selection has not occurred very frequently in the wild populations. C) Species with very similar DNA will have similar structures, enzymes, and appearance.
D) In this species, most of the variation present is due to differences in soil, nutrition, amount of D) Mitochondrial DNA might be different from nuclear DNA.
sunlight, or other aspects of the environment. Answer: C
Answer: A Reference: Section 1.3
Reference: Section 1.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension
Bloom's Level: Applying LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that constructing phylogenetic trees.
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population. 16) Which of the following would not be a good reason for studying SSU RNA to understand the
major branches in the evolutionary history of life?
13) Which of the following best reflects a phylogenetic conclusion regarding chimpanzees and A) This molecule is found in every species.
baboons? B) It is passed on through evolutionary history with only minor modifications.
A) They are grouped together because they both have opposable thumbs. C) It is a necessary part of the cellular machinery for reproduction and other purposes.
B) They are grouped together because they both feed their young breast milk. D) It mutates very frequently.
C) They are grouped together because they have a common ancestor in recent history. Answer: D
D) They are grouped together because they live in similar habitats. Reference: Section 1.3
Answer: C Bloom's Level: Comprehension
Reference: Section 1.3 LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
Bloom's Level: Remembering constructing phylogenetic trees.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
, 17) In the Linnaean classification system, which taxon would generally include the largest 21) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its
number of species? descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for Bacteria, Archaea, and
A) family Eukarya that we think best represents the current data. According to this tree, are all organisms
B) phylum alive today monophyletic?
C) order A) yes
D) genus B) no
Answer: B Answer: A
Reference: Section 1.3 Explanation: A) This is an important and sometimes difficult-to-grasp concept that can be
Bloom's Level: Remembering emphasized by class discussion.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in Reference: Section 1.3
constructing phylogenetic trees. Bloom's Level: Remembering/Analyzing
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
18) Why did the five-kingdom system of classification fall out of favor? constructing phylogenetic trees.
A) It was too complex—Linnaeus' original two-kingdom system was more useful.
B) It was too difficult to distinguish plants from fungi and animals from protistans. 22) On the tree of life, the branch leading to animals is closer to fungi than it is to the branch
C) There were too few monerans to justify their classification at the kingdom level. leading to land plants. Which of the following statements is correct?
D) It did not reflect the actual evolutionary relationships among organisms very well. A) Animals and plants do not have a common ancestor.
Answer: D B) Animals and land plants are more closely related to each other than either is to fungi.
Reference: Section 1.3 C) Fungi and animals do not have a common ancestor.
Bloom's Level: Remembering D) Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than animals are to land plants.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in Answer: D
constructing phylogenetic trees. Reference: Section 1.3
Bloom's Level: Remembering
19) What do the nodes and branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent? LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
A) species constructing phylogenetic trees.
B) new kingdoms or domains
C) ancestral groups that split into two descendant groups 23) On the tree of life, branches that lead to several groups of green algae branch off from the
D) groups that got new names one that leads to land plants. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Answer: C A) Green algae and land plants are not related.
Reference: Section 1.3 B) Green algae are very closely related to the fungi.
Bloom's Level: Remembering C) Land plants appeared first in the fossil record.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in D) Land plants and algae have a common ancestor.
constructing phylogenetic trees. Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.3
20) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its Bloom's Level: Remembering
descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for Bacteria, Archaea, and LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
Eukarya. Are prokaryotes monophyletic? constructing phylogenetic trees.
A) yes
B) no
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is an important and sometimes difficult-to-grasp concept that can be
emphasized by class discussion.
Reference: Section 1.3
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Analyzing
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
Chapter 1 Biology and the Tree of Life
1) The pattern component of the cell theory claims that all organisms consist of cells.
A) true
B) false
TEST ITEM FILE Answer: A
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Remembering
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
FOR 2) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
A) There is no difference—the terms are interchangeable.
B) A theory is an explanation for a very general phenomenon or observation; hypotheses treat
more specific observations.
C) A hypothesis is an explanation for a very general phenomenon; theories treat more specific
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE issues.
D) Theories define scientific laws; hypotheses are used to set up experiments.
Answer: B
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Comprehension
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
3) Algae in the genus Caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have
Textbook Authors structures similar to stems, leaves, and roots. Reproduction occurs when adults produce sperm
and eggs that fuse to form offspring. Each adult Caulerpa, however, consists of just a single cell.
Which of the following statements is true?
Scott Freeman, University of Washington
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory—that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory—that all cells come from
Michael Harrington, University of Alberta preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
Joan Sharp, Simon Fraser University D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Comprehension
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
4) Which statement about spontaneous generation is FALSE?
A) Pasteur demonstrated that it does not occur under normal laboratory conditions.
B) It apparently occurred at least once–when life on Earth began.
C) It occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species.
D) It addresses the formation of living cells from previously nonliving material.
Answer: C
Reference: Section 1.1
Bloom's Level: Remembering
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
,5) Recall Pasteur's experiment on spontaneous generation. Originally, he used sealed and 8) Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of Staphylococcus
unsealed flasks instead of swan-necked and unsealed flasks. Critics claimed that the experiment aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most antibiotics. If antibiotic use
was inconclusive. Which of the following criticisms would be addressed by using a swan-necked were stopped, what would you predict would happen to these S. aureus populations?
flask instead of the sealed flask? A) They will go extinct without the antibiotic.
A) The broth was heated too intensively. B) The populations will begin colonizing new environments.
B) There had not been enough time for spontaneous generation to occur. C) The frequency of nonresistant forms will increase in these populations.
C) Fresh air is required for spontaneous generation. D) The frequency of resistant forms will definitely increase in these populations.
D) The broth was not nutritious enough. Answer: C
Answer: C Reference: Section 1.2
Reference: Section 1.1 Bloom's Level: Applying
Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
LOs: Chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
6) Which of the following is the best example of a heritable variation?
A) skin cancer 9) Environments all over the world are changing as a result of global warming. Could this
B) amputation influence natural selection?
C) red hair A) No. The environment is always changing. Global warming is nothing new.
D) love for music B) Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments will
Answer: C increase in frequency.
Reference: Section 1.2 C) No. The only change will be that species from hot environments will expand their ranges.
Bloom's Level: Comprehension D) Yes. Mutations occur more frequently in hot environments.
LOs: Chp1-1. Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organisms. Answer: B
Reference: Section 1.2
7) How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? Bloom's Level: Applying
A) Artificial selection occurs only in computer simulations, not with actual organisms. LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
B) Artificial selection is based on conscious choices by humans. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
C) Artificial selection occurs only with plants. population.
D) Artificial selection is not based on heritable variation, but on new mutations.
Answer: B 10) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed chili
Reference: Section 1.2 peppers that have low amounts of capsaicin over many generations in order to make them milder
Bloom's Level: Comprehension (have less capsaicin). What process is occurring?
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that A) heritable variation
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a B) environmental change
population. C) natural selection
D) artificial selection
Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.2
Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
,11) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed only the 14) One aspect of Darwin's theory of natural selection is that adaptations not useful to fitness are
hottest chili peppers over many generations–predict the characteristics of the resulting lost faster if they have a greater cost. With this in mind, which of the following explanation is
individuals. most likely true?
A) larger fruits A) Our little toe is not going away in the near future.
B) smaller fruits B) The human appendix must currently serve an essential function or it would not be in our
C) less capsaicin bodies.
D) more capsaicin C) It is a mystery why we do not have tails.
Answer: D D) Humans are relatively hairless because we look better without hair.
Reference: Section 1.2 Answer: A
Bloom's Level: Applying Reference: Section 1.3
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that Bloom's Level: Applying
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that
population. are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population.
12) Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as
Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is supported by 15) Many phylogenetic trees are based on DNA sequence similarities. What is the practical result
this observation? of this similarity?
A) In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features. A) Closely related species will not look similar to each other.
B) Heritable variation is low–otherwise the wild strain would have different characteristics. B) Artificial selection can bring closely related species even closer to each other.
C) Natural selection has not occurred very frequently in the wild populations. C) Species with very similar DNA will have similar structures, enzymes, and appearance.
D) In this species, most of the variation present is due to differences in soil, nutrition, amount of D) Mitochondrial DNA might be different from nuclear DNA.
sunlight, or other aspects of the environment. Answer: C
Answer: A Reference: Section 1.3
Reference: Section 1.2 Bloom's Level: Comprehension
Bloom's Level: Applying LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
LOs: Chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that constructing phylogenetic trees.
are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a
population. 16) Which of the following would not be a good reason for studying SSU RNA to understand the
major branches in the evolutionary history of life?
13) Which of the following best reflects a phylogenetic conclusion regarding chimpanzees and A) This molecule is found in every species.
baboons? B) It is passed on through evolutionary history with only minor modifications.
A) They are grouped together because they both have opposable thumbs. C) It is a necessary part of the cellular machinery for reproduction and other purposes.
B) They are grouped together because they both feed their young breast milk. D) It mutates very frequently.
C) They are grouped together because they have a common ancestor in recent history. Answer: D
D) They are grouped together because they live in similar habitats. Reference: Section 1.3
Answer: C Bloom's Level: Comprehension
Reference: Section 1.3 LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
Bloom's Level: Remembering constructing phylogenetic trees.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
, 17) In the Linnaean classification system, which taxon would generally include the largest 21) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its
number of species? descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for Bacteria, Archaea, and
A) family Eukarya that we think best represents the current data. According to this tree, are all organisms
B) phylum alive today monophyletic?
C) order A) yes
D) genus B) no
Answer: B Answer: A
Reference: Section 1.3 Explanation: A) This is an important and sometimes difficult-to-grasp concept that can be
Bloom's Level: Remembering emphasized by class discussion.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in Reference: Section 1.3
constructing phylogenetic trees. Bloom's Level: Remembering/Analyzing
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
18) Why did the five-kingdom system of classification fall out of favor? constructing phylogenetic trees.
A) It was too complex—Linnaeus' original two-kingdom system was more useful.
B) It was too difficult to distinguish plants from fungi and animals from protistans. 22) On the tree of life, the branch leading to animals is closer to fungi than it is to the branch
C) There were too few monerans to justify their classification at the kingdom level. leading to land plants. Which of the following statements is correct?
D) It did not reflect the actual evolutionary relationships among organisms very well. A) Animals and plants do not have a common ancestor.
Answer: D B) Animals and land plants are more closely related to each other than either is to fungi.
Reference: Section 1.3 C) Fungi and animals do not have a common ancestor.
Bloom's Level: Remembering D) Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than animals are to land plants.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in Answer: D
constructing phylogenetic trees. Reference: Section 1.3
Bloom's Level: Remembering
19) What do the nodes and branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent? LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
A) species constructing phylogenetic trees.
B) new kingdoms or domains
C) ancestral groups that split into two descendant groups 23) On the tree of life, branches that lead to several groups of green algae branch off from the
D) groups that got new names one that leads to land plants. Which one of the following statements is correct?
Answer: C A) Green algae and land plants are not related.
Reference: Section 1.3 B) Green algae are very closely related to the fungi.
Bloom's Level: Remembering C) Land plants appeared first in the fossil record.
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in D) Land plants and algae have a common ancestor.
constructing phylogenetic trees. Answer: D
Reference: Section 1.3
20) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its Bloom's Level: Remembering
descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for Bacteria, Archaea, and LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
Eukarya. Are prokaryotes monophyletic? constructing phylogenetic trees.
A) yes
B) no
Answer: B
Explanation: B) This is an important and sometimes difficult-to-grasp concept that can be
emphasized by class discussion.
Reference: Section 1.3
Bloom's Level: Remembering/Analyzing
LOs: Chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
