BIOC 3003 - Genomics Exam Study Guide
Epigenome - ANSWER Map of all DNA and histone modifications.
DNA Methylation - ANSWER Addition of methyl marks repressing gene activity.
Histone Modifications - ANSWER Chemical changes to histone tails affecting DNA
activity.
Transcription Initiation - ANSWER Most differential gene expression occurs here.
Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) - ANSWER Binds to methylated CpG
dinucleotides in DNA.
Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor (NCoR) - ANSWER Recruits histone deacetylases for
transcriptional repression.
Rett Syndrome - ANSWER Caused by mutations in MECP2 gene.
DNA Methyltransferases (DNMTs) - ANSWER Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA.
DNMT1 - ANSWER Methylates hemimethylated DNA after replication.
TET Enzymes - ANSWER Convert methylcytosine to hydroxymethylcytosine.
Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs) - ANSWER Add acetyl groups to histones, promoting
transcription.
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) - ANSWER Remove acetyl groups, leading to
transcriptional repression.
Euchromatin - ANSWER Less condensed chromatin, accessible for transcription.
Heterochromatin - ANSWER Highly condensed chromatin, generally transcriptionally
inactive.
Nucleosome - ANSWER Basic unit of chromatin, DNA wrapped around histones.
Chromatin Structure - ANSWER Hierarchical organization of DNA and histones.
Vernalisation - ANSWER Cold-induced epigenetic changes in flowering plants.
FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) - ANSWER Gene repressing flowering, regulated by
temperature.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 - ANSWER Induces repressive histone modifications in
FLC.
Molecular Memory - ANSWER Epigenetic memory guiding growth and development.
, Hierarchical Relationships - ANSWER Interactions between DNA methylation and
histone modifications.
Functional Genomic Regions - ANSWER DNA regions accessible to cellular machinery.
Transposon Silencing - ANSWER Regulation of transposable elements via epigenetic
modifications.
Gene Differentiation - ANSWER Control of gene expression leading to cell specialization.
ChIP-seq - ANSWER Technique to identify protein interaction sites.
Sodium bisulfite conversion - ANSWER Chemical treatment for detecting methylated
cytosine.
MethylIC-seq - ANSWER Whole genome bisulfite sequencing method.
Cellular heterogeneity - ANSWER Variation among cells complicating analysis.
scBS-seq - ANSWER Single-cell DNA methylome profiling technique.
Genome editing - ANSWER Modifying genome sequences to study functions.
CRISPR/Cas9 - ANSWER Precise genome editing using sgRNA and Cas9.
Multiplexed targeting - ANSWER Simultaneous targeting of multiple genomic loci.
Gene drives - ANSWER Genetic engineering to propagate specific genes.
Histone modifications - ANSWER Alterations affecting gene expression regulation.
Synthetic gene circuits - ANSWER Engineered circuits for gene regulation and control.
Boolean logic in circuits - ANSWER Processes multiple inputs for specific outputs.
OR gate - ANSWER Circuit producing output if any input is active.
AND gate - ANSWER Circuit requiring all inputs to be active.
Epigenome - ANSWER Map of all DNA and histone modifications.
DNA Methylation - ANSWER Addition of methyl marks repressing gene activity.
Histone Modifications - ANSWER Chemical changes to histone tails affecting DNA
activity.
Transcription Initiation - ANSWER Most differential gene expression occurs here.
Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) - ANSWER Binds to methylated CpG
dinucleotides in DNA.
Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor (NCoR) - ANSWER Recruits histone deacetylases for
transcriptional repression.
Rett Syndrome - ANSWER Caused by mutations in MECP2 gene.
DNA Methyltransferases (DNMTs) - ANSWER Enzymes that add methyl groups to DNA.
DNMT1 - ANSWER Methylates hemimethylated DNA after replication.
TET Enzymes - ANSWER Convert methylcytosine to hydroxymethylcytosine.
Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs) - ANSWER Add acetyl groups to histones, promoting
transcription.
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) - ANSWER Remove acetyl groups, leading to
transcriptional repression.
Euchromatin - ANSWER Less condensed chromatin, accessible for transcription.
Heterochromatin - ANSWER Highly condensed chromatin, generally transcriptionally
inactive.
Nucleosome - ANSWER Basic unit of chromatin, DNA wrapped around histones.
Chromatin Structure - ANSWER Hierarchical organization of DNA and histones.
Vernalisation - ANSWER Cold-induced epigenetic changes in flowering plants.
FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) - ANSWER Gene repressing flowering, regulated by
temperature.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 - ANSWER Induces repressive histone modifications in
FLC.
Molecular Memory - ANSWER Epigenetic memory guiding growth and development.
, Hierarchical Relationships - ANSWER Interactions between DNA methylation and
histone modifications.
Functional Genomic Regions - ANSWER DNA regions accessible to cellular machinery.
Transposon Silencing - ANSWER Regulation of transposable elements via epigenetic
modifications.
Gene Differentiation - ANSWER Control of gene expression leading to cell specialization.
ChIP-seq - ANSWER Technique to identify protein interaction sites.
Sodium bisulfite conversion - ANSWER Chemical treatment for detecting methylated
cytosine.
MethylIC-seq - ANSWER Whole genome bisulfite sequencing method.
Cellular heterogeneity - ANSWER Variation among cells complicating analysis.
scBS-seq - ANSWER Single-cell DNA methylome profiling technique.
Genome editing - ANSWER Modifying genome sequences to study functions.
CRISPR/Cas9 - ANSWER Precise genome editing using sgRNA and Cas9.
Multiplexed targeting - ANSWER Simultaneous targeting of multiple genomic loci.
Gene drives - ANSWER Genetic engineering to propagate specific genes.
Histone modifications - ANSWER Alterations affecting gene expression regulation.
Synthetic gene circuits - ANSWER Engineered circuits for gene regulation and control.
Boolean logic in circuits - ANSWER Processes multiple inputs for specific outputs.
OR gate - ANSWER Circuit producing output if any input is active.
AND gate - ANSWER Circuit requiring all inputs to be active.
