Uvic Bio 215 Final Exam with Complete
Solutions| Latest Update
How carbon credits work? Carbon credits create a market for reducing greenhouse
emissions by giving a
monetary value to the cost of polluting the air. Emissions become an internal
cost of doing business and are visible on the balance sheet alongside raw
materials and other liabilities or assets.
Your purchase funds reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through projects such as wind
farms, which produce clean energy that displaces energy from fossil fuels. By funding these
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, you balance out, or
offset, your own impact by an equivalent amount.
Hydroelectric high ecological impact, low cost,
few carbon emission.
e.g damns.
nuclear power -unlimited potential but high cost
-no carbon emissions
-fission and fusion
high risk: weapons proliferation, ecological, health
photovoltaics no carbon emissions, high
potential, low risk
Many governments offer economic
incentive to citizens for switching to
,solar panels German government introduced (2004)
first large-scale feed-in tariff system
purchased power from home at 3X the
retail price over a 20 yr contract
resulted in explosive growth of PV
installations
Feed-in Tariffs/ net metering the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer
under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate
Wind high potential, low risk
Spain Nov 8, 2009
50% of country powered by wind
Top 5 countries by nameplate windpower capacity China
US
Germany
Spain
India
Geothermal high potential globally
new technofixes solar-hydrogen economy- high potential, low risk.
-Have solar panels, extra used to dissociate water to hydrogen and oxygen
- Used to generate electricity during night time
,Reasearch highlights:impacts of microplastics on plankton interactions of microplastics
with planktonic organisms to clarify the effects of these pollutants on plankton
France 75% reduction on
all transit fees for
families with more
than 6 children
Estonia Gov't pays
women to
have children
Russia, India: Financial
incentives for
having large
families
carbon dioxide and black carbon affect the hydrological cycle (through glacier and snow
melting) especially in which area of the world? Himalayan Region
Define trophic levels. The sequence of steps in a food chain or pyramid
What are the simplified steps for trophic levels? Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Primary consumer
Primary producer
, How many trophic levels there is? 4
Example of a trophic chain tree→carerpillar→warbler→hawk
Describe food web complexity? 1) number of trophic levels
2) chain length- number of links running from a primary producer to a top predator
3) connectance- actual number of links in a food web divided by the total number of possible
links
-if a community has n species, then total number of possible links is N= [n(n-1)] /2
4) linkage density - number of links per species
Mean chain length mean # of links running from primary producer to each of the top
predators
Connectance formula(C) C=A/P where A is the number of actual links in a food web.And P
is the number of possible links in a food web.
How to find out possible links,If we have species N=n(n-1)/2 where n is the number of
species
Linkage Density(LD) total number of links divided by total number of species=average
number of links per species
What is a dominant species? A common species with an effect on the comment
proportional to its biomass.
What is an umbrella species also known as?
Describe.
Example. Indicator species.
Solutions| Latest Update
How carbon credits work? Carbon credits create a market for reducing greenhouse
emissions by giving a
monetary value to the cost of polluting the air. Emissions become an internal
cost of doing business and are visible on the balance sheet alongside raw
materials and other liabilities or assets.
Your purchase funds reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through projects such as wind
farms, which produce clean energy that displaces energy from fossil fuels. By funding these
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, you balance out, or
offset, your own impact by an equivalent amount.
Hydroelectric high ecological impact, low cost,
few carbon emission.
e.g damns.
nuclear power -unlimited potential but high cost
-no carbon emissions
-fission and fusion
high risk: weapons proliferation, ecological, health
photovoltaics no carbon emissions, high
potential, low risk
Many governments offer economic
incentive to citizens for switching to
,solar panels German government introduced (2004)
first large-scale feed-in tariff system
purchased power from home at 3X the
retail price over a 20 yr contract
resulted in explosive growth of PV
installations
Feed-in Tariffs/ net metering the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer
under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate
Wind high potential, low risk
Spain Nov 8, 2009
50% of country powered by wind
Top 5 countries by nameplate windpower capacity China
US
Germany
Spain
India
Geothermal high potential globally
new technofixes solar-hydrogen economy- high potential, low risk.
-Have solar panels, extra used to dissociate water to hydrogen and oxygen
- Used to generate electricity during night time
,Reasearch highlights:impacts of microplastics on plankton interactions of microplastics
with planktonic organisms to clarify the effects of these pollutants on plankton
France 75% reduction on
all transit fees for
families with more
than 6 children
Estonia Gov't pays
women to
have children
Russia, India: Financial
incentives for
having large
families
carbon dioxide and black carbon affect the hydrological cycle (through glacier and snow
melting) especially in which area of the world? Himalayan Region
Define trophic levels. The sequence of steps in a food chain or pyramid
What are the simplified steps for trophic levels? Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Primary consumer
Primary producer
, How many trophic levels there is? 4
Example of a trophic chain tree→carerpillar→warbler→hawk
Describe food web complexity? 1) number of trophic levels
2) chain length- number of links running from a primary producer to a top predator
3) connectance- actual number of links in a food web divided by the total number of possible
links
-if a community has n species, then total number of possible links is N= [n(n-1)] /2
4) linkage density - number of links per species
Mean chain length mean # of links running from primary producer to each of the top
predators
Connectance formula(C) C=A/P where A is the number of actual links in a food web.And P
is the number of possible links in a food web.
How to find out possible links,If we have species N=n(n-1)/2 where n is the number of
species
Linkage Density(LD) total number of links divided by total number of species=average
number of links per species
What is a dominant species? A common species with an effect on the comment
proportional to its biomass.
What is an umbrella species also known as?
Describe.
Example. Indicator species.
