NURS 221: Pathophysiology Exam 2 Correct
100%
Coronary Circulation - ANSWER Heart - very active muscle / needs lots of O2
¥ Heart relaxes → high pressure of blood in aorta → pushes blood into coronary
vessels
¥ Many anastomoses
¥ anastomoses - ANSWER connections between arteries supplying blood to the same
region, provide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
Stable Angina - ANSWER Angina Pectoris
■ Symptomatic chest pain or pressure sensation associated w/ transient myocardial
ischemia
■ Precipitated by;
■ Increased work demands of the heart
■ Physical exertion, exposure to cold, emotional stress
■ Pain
■ Constricting, squeezing, → increases in intensity at onset and end of attack. May
radiate to left shoulder, jaw, arm
What are the features of Angina Pectoris? - ANSWER ■ Symptomatic chest pain or
pressure sensation associated w/ transient myocardial ischemia
■ Precipitated by;
■ Increased work demands of the heart
■ Physical exertion, exposure to cold, emotional stress
■ Pain
■ Constricting, squeezing, → increases in intensity at onset and end of attack. May
radiate to left shoulder, jaw, arm
STABLE ANGINA
Vasospastic Angina - ANSWER "Prinzmetal Angina"
■ Spasms of coronary arteries
■ Occurs during rest or with minimal exercise
■ Nocturnal - frequently occurs b/w midnight and 8 am
■ Mechanism - uncertain
■ Arrhythmias often occur when pain is severe
"Prinzmetal Angina" - ANSWER Vasospastic Angina
■ Spasms of coronary arteries
■ Occurs during rest or with minimal exercise
■ Nocturnal - frequently occurs b/w midnight and 8 am
, ■ Mechanism - uncertain
■ Arrhythmias often occur when pain is severe
Acute Coronary Syndromes (Serum Markers) - ANSWER ¥ These patients will
demonstrate classic ECG changes
¥ Serum Markers for Acute Myocardial Infarction
● Creatine kinase - exceeds normal ranges within 4-8 hrs
● Myoglobin - released quickly from infarcted tissue and becomes elevated in 1 hr post
myocardial cell death
● Troponin complex - begins to rise within 3 hours after onset of MI and may remain
elevated for 7-10 days
Acute Coronary Syndromes (Serum Markers): What are the serum markers for? -
ANSWER Detecting acute MI
Acute Coronary Syndromes - ANSWER Unstable Angina
frequently results from;
- atherosclerotic plaque disruption
- platelet aggregation
- secondary hemostasis
Cocaine - may cause unstable angina & MI
Pain - more persistent and sustained course
- usually last 20 min
- recurrent episodes usually increase
in intensity and duration
Unstable Angina - ANSWER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
frequently results from;
- atherosclerotic plaque disruption
- platelet aggregation
- secondary hemostasis
Cocaine - may cause unstable angina & MI
Pain - more persistent and sustained course
- usually last 20 min
- recurrent episodes usually increase
in intensity and duration
Creatine kinase - ANSWER ● exceeds normal ranges within 4-8 hrs
Myoglobin - ANSWER released quickly from infarcted tissue and becomes elevated in 1
hr post myocardial cell death
Troponin complex - ANSWER begins to rise within 3 hours after onset of MI and may
remain elevated for 7-10 days
100%
Coronary Circulation - ANSWER Heart - very active muscle / needs lots of O2
¥ Heart relaxes → high pressure of blood in aorta → pushes blood into coronary
vessels
¥ Many anastomoses
¥ anastomoses - ANSWER connections between arteries supplying blood to the same
region, provide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
Stable Angina - ANSWER Angina Pectoris
■ Symptomatic chest pain or pressure sensation associated w/ transient myocardial
ischemia
■ Precipitated by;
■ Increased work demands of the heart
■ Physical exertion, exposure to cold, emotional stress
■ Pain
■ Constricting, squeezing, → increases in intensity at onset and end of attack. May
radiate to left shoulder, jaw, arm
What are the features of Angina Pectoris? - ANSWER ■ Symptomatic chest pain or
pressure sensation associated w/ transient myocardial ischemia
■ Precipitated by;
■ Increased work demands of the heart
■ Physical exertion, exposure to cold, emotional stress
■ Pain
■ Constricting, squeezing, → increases in intensity at onset and end of attack. May
radiate to left shoulder, jaw, arm
STABLE ANGINA
Vasospastic Angina - ANSWER "Prinzmetal Angina"
■ Spasms of coronary arteries
■ Occurs during rest or with minimal exercise
■ Nocturnal - frequently occurs b/w midnight and 8 am
■ Mechanism - uncertain
■ Arrhythmias often occur when pain is severe
"Prinzmetal Angina" - ANSWER Vasospastic Angina
■ Spasms of coronary arteries
■ Occurs during rest or with minimal exercise
■ Nocturnal - frequently occurs b/w midnight and 8 am
, ■ Mechanism - uncertain
■ Arrhythmias often occur when pain is severe
Acute Coronary Syndromes (Serum Markers) - ANSWER ¥ These patients will
demonstrate classic ECG changes
¥ Serum Markers for Acute Myocardial Infarction
● Creatine kinase - exceeds normal ranges within 4-8 hrs
● Myoglobin - released quickly from infarcted tissue and becomes elevated in 1 hr post
myocardial cell death
● Troponin complex - begins to rise within 3 hours after onset of MI and may remain
elevated for 7-10 days
Acute Coronary Syndromes (Serum Markers): What are the serum markers for? -
ANSWER Detecting acute MI
Acute Coronary Syndromes - ANSWER Unstable Angina
frequently results from;
- atherosclerotic plaque disruption
- platelet aggregation
- secondary hemostasis
Cocaine - may cause unstable angina & MI
Pain - more persistent and sustained course
- usually last 20 min
- recurrent episodes usually increase
in intensity and duration
Unstable Angina - ANSWER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
frequently results from;
- atherosclerotic plaque disruption
- platelet aggregation
- secondary hemostasis
Cocaine - may cause unstable angina & MI
Pain - more persistent and sustained course
- usually last 20 min
- recurrent episodes usually increase
in intensity and duration
Creatine kinase - ANSWER ● exceeds normal ranges within 4-8 hrs
Myoglobin - ANSWER released quickly from infarcted tissue and becomes elevated in 1
hr post myocardial cell death
Troponin complex - ANSWER begins to rise within 3 hours after onset of MI and may
remain elevated for 7-10 days
