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_8dlr9r
1.Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricle
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s
2.endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular se
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ptum; AV and semilunar valves
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neural crest nb

3.left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
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4.posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
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5.Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
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6.Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus ven
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um)
7.Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secund
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um to fuse after birth
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8.Transposition of the great vesse nb nb nb nb

ls Tetralogy of Fallot
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Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated wit
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h failure of neural crest cells to migrate
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9.ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cav
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a, bypassing the liver
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becomes ligamentum venosum nb nb

10.phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
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11.S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral re
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urgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
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normal in kids and pregnant women
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12.S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right b
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efore S1 best heard at apex in LLD position
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High atrial pressure.
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Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
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Always abnormal nb

13.atria contract: a wave of JVP
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14.c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium)
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ave of JVP nb nb



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15.xnbdescent:
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closed tri- cuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
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reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
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_8dlr9r
16.V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filli
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ng against closed tricuspid valve
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17.y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
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absent in cardiac tamponade nb nb nb


18.plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
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Aortic stenosis nb


19.PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
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120 milliseconds
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20.QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
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21.Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG nb nb nb nb nb


22.Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT
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band cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
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23.Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome nb nb nb nb nb

-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
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24.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
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-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness nb nb nb


25.Brugada syndrome: - nb nb

Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in
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Asian males. nb


-ECG pattern of pseudo-
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right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-
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V3 (anterior ventricular septum)
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-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
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Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
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26.Wolff-Parkinson-
White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-exci-
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tation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from
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atria to venricle bypasses the rate-
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slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shorte
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ned PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicula
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r tachy.
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27.First degree AV block: - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
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- Fixed but prolonged nb nb nb

PRI (consistent but lo
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ng)
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- normally
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28.second degree AV block mobitz type 2: -PR interval is constant
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-
atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without inc
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asing PR interval length
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-disease below AV node in His bundle
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