BLD 324 EXAM STUDY SET LATEST UPDATE
Three phases of hematopoesis - ANSWER Mesoblastic (yolk sac) phase
Hepatic
Medullary (Myeloid phase)
Mesoblastic (Yolk sac) phase - ANSWER Phase that begins about 19 days after
fertilization which includes erythroblast, mesodermal cells, and hematopoeitic stems
cells (HSCs), prodcution of hemaglobin (Gower 1 and Gower 2), and formation of blood
vessels by angioblasts.
Hepatic phase - ANSWER Phase that begins around 4-5 week of gestation peaking
around the 3rd month. Primarily in the liver. Clusters of developing erythroblasts,
granulocytes, and monocytes. Begin definitive hematopoesis and production of HbF.
Medullary (Myeloid) phase - ANSWER Phase that begins around 5 months of gestation
and marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis. Myeloid to erythroid ratio is
now 3:1. Extramedullary hematopoiesis subsides. Less HbF, more HbA, HbA2
Hematopoietic tissue in adults - ANSWER Thymus, lymph nodes, bonemarrow, liver,
spleen
Active bone marrow location in adults - ANSWER Sternum, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, skull,
proximal ends of long bones.
Red Marrow - ANSWER Hematopoietically active bone marrow
In all bones until the age of 7, bone marrow slowly is replaced by yellow marrow and is
then restricted to specific sites.
Yellow Marrow - ANSWER Hematopoietically inactive. Adipocytes (fat cells)
Hematopoietic cords - ANSWER Extravascular cords of the active red marrow between
the spongy bone and trabeculae. Forms the parenchyma of the bone marrow. Provides a
lattice or meshwork (of reticular cells) to support blood cell development. Productioin of
cytokines, ahesive molecules, steroid secretion (controls volume of bone marrow).
Increased red marrow - ANSWER can be caused by leukemia and high altitude
Decreased red marrow - ANSWER can be caused by aplastic anemia
Sinsusoids - ANSWER Venous sinus (specialized vein) which provides venous drainage
to the marrow. Has an endothelial lining with a discontinuous basement membrane
(collagen). Cells may leave the marrow by enetering the parenchyma and move into the
venous sinus to enter the blood stream via the central vein.
,Megakaryocytes - ANSWER In bone marrow produces platelets
Hematopoietic microenviornment - ANSWER Protein carbohydrate matrix, adhesion
molecules, cytokines (colony stimulating factors, inteferons, interluekins, lymphokines
Extramedullary hematopoiesis - ANSWER hematopoiesis that occurs outside of the bone
marrow
Liver function in extramedullary hematopoiesis - ANSWER Liver is the major site of
hepatic phase/stage in which bone marrow is shut down/ inactive and the liver
sequesters and removes damaged red blood cells. Often happens as a result of
porphyrias, hemolytic anemias, RBC dysplasia
Spleen function in hematopoiesis - ANSWER Filters circulating blood
Lymph nodes in hematopoiesis - ANSWER Site of B cell proliferation (germinal centers)
and filtration of microrganisms
Thymus - ANSWER Site of T cell condtioning
Stem Cell theory - ANSWER Pluripotential stem cells give rise to all marrow cells.
Daughter cells either give rise to itself, or other daughter cell differentiates and
matures.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) - ANSWER Cells charichterized by CD34 markers, no
HLA-DR antigen, no antigens associated wih more differentiated cells. Not
morphologically identifiable.
Progenitor cell - ANSWER undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell with a committed
cell line, but not identifiable morphologically.
Myeloid progenitor markers - ANSWER CD33 CD38
Lymphoid progenitor markers - ANSWER CD10 CD38
T- Lymphoid and NK cell progenitor markers - ANSWER CD7
B-Lymphoid progenitor makers - ANSWER CD19
Precurser - ANSWER Differentiating and identifiable cells with a given cell line
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor G-CSF or Granuloctye-Monocyte Colony
Stimulating Factor - ANSWER Stimulates the differentiation of a common myeloid
progenitor cell into grnaulocyte/monocyte, esonophil/basophil,
megakaryocte/erythrocyte progenitor, or mast cell then differentiation into their final
form.
Erythropoietin (EPO) - ANSWER produced by the kidney peritubular cells and stimulates
the production of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. CFU-E to pro-normoblasts.
,Stem Cell Factor (SCF) - ANSWER Kit- ligand binds to c-kit on hematopoietic stem cells
to regulate stem cell differentiation
Interlukins - ANSWER Proteins with synergistic qualities and amplification potential
Erythropoesis - ANSWER Production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
Colony Forming Units - ANSWER ...
Luekopoiesis - ANSWER WBC production in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
Myelopoiesis - ANSWER production of myeloid cells (grnulocytes/monocytes)
Lymphopoeisis - ANSWER production of lymphocytes
Megakaryopoiesis - ANSWER production and development of megakaryocytes
(precursor of platelets) in the bone marrow
Thrombopoietien (TPO) - ANSWER produced by liver to induce the production of
thrombocytes/ megakaryopoiesis.
Pronormoblast - ANSWER rubilast
proerythrocyte - ANSWER Prorubicyte
polychromatic normoblast - ANSWER rubicyte
orthochromic erythrocyte - ANSWER metarubicyte
polychromatic ertythrocyte - ANSWER can be found in peripheral blood
eyrthroid progenitors - ANSWER BFU-E Burst forming unit eyrthroid (aprx 1 week)
CFU-E Colony forming unit erythroid (aprx 1 week)
erythroid precursors (respectively) - ANSWER pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast,
polychromatic normoblast, orthochromic normoblast
Last erythroid precursor able to devide - ANSWER polychromatic normoblast
Normoblast maturation cellular changes - ANSWER Cell diameter decreases,
Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio decreases, chromatin clumps/condenses, nucleoli dissappear,
cytoplasm changes from blue (basophilic) to pink
EPO secretion is caused by - ANSWER hypoxia (decrease oxygen carrying capacity of
blood
EPO causes - ANSWER Decresed apoptosis by decreasing FasL, the ligand for
, programmed cell death.
increased RBC RNA synthesis, and decreasing marrow transit time
More red blood cells get into circulation faster
RBC lifespan - ANSWER 120 days
Homeostasis mechanism for production of erythrocytes is achieved through - ANSWER
Apoptosis;FasL
Young precursors posses the Fas receptor, old precursors posses the FasL ligand
(Abundant older cells restrict the prolifration/production of younger cells)
Extravascular erythrocyte hemolysis - ANSWER Macrophages mediate when spleen is
depleted of glucose "Hostile" and lyses RBCs, when decreased ATP production causes
spherocytosis and RBCs become spherical and are trapped in spleen
Intravascucular erythrocyte hemolysis - ANSWER mechanical or traumatic event causes
turbulence of blood, breakage of blood vessel. Hapatoglobin/hemopexin are salavaged
and the Hb is release to be reused
Glycolysis Pathway - ANSWER No mitochondira
Three phases:
1.phosphorylation, isomerization/diphosphorylation, and aldolase cleaveage uses 2ATP
2. GP3 to 3PG generates 2ATP
3. 3-PG to pyruvate- generates 2ATP
NET GAIN OF 2 ATP PER GLUCOSE
Failed glycolysis causes - ANSWER oxidation of membrane lipids, failed ion pumps,
sphere shaped RBC which then sends a Senescent signal to marcophages
Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentosephosphate shunt) - ANSWER This pathway is
Three phases of hematopoesis - ANSWER Mesoblastic (yolk sac) phase
Hepatic
Medullary (Myeloid phase)
Mesoblastic (Yolk sac) phase - ANSWER Phase that begins about 19 days after
fertilization which includes erythroblast, mesodermal cells, and hematopoeitic stems
cells (HSCs), prodcution of hemaglobin (Gower 1 and Gower 2), and formation of blood
vessels by angioblasts.
Hepatic phase - ANSWER Phase that begins around 4-5 week of gestation peaking
around the 3rd month. Primarily in the liver. Clusters of developing erythroblasts,
granulocytes, and monocytes. Begin definitive hematopoesis and production of HbF.
Medullary (Myeloid) phase - ANSWER Phase that begins around 5 months of gestation
and marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis. Myeloid to erythroid ratio is
now 3:1. Extramedullary hematopoiesis subsides. Less HbF, more HbA, HbA2
Hematopoietic tissue in adults - ANSWER Thymus, lymph nodes, bonemarrow, liver,
spleen
Active bone marrow location in adults - ANSWER Sternum, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, skull,
proximal ends of long bones.
Red Marrow - ANSWER Hematopoietically active bone marrow
In all bones until the age of 7, bone marrow slowly is replaced by yellow marrow and is
then restricted to specific sites.
Yellow Marrow - ANSWER Hematopoietically inactive. Adipocytes (fat cells)
Hematopoietic cords - ANSWER Extravascular cords of the active red marrow between
the spongy bone and trabeculae. Forms the parenchyma of the bone marrow. Provides a
lattice or meshwork (of reticular cells) to support blood cell development. Productioin of
cytokines, ahesive molecules, steroid secretion (controls volume of bone marrow).
Increased red marrow - ANSWER can be caused by leukemia and high altitude
Decreased red marrow - ANSWER can be caused by aplastic anemia
Sinsusoids - ANSWER Venous sinus (specialized vein) which provides venous drainage
to the marrow. Has an endothelial lining with a discontinuous basement membrane
(collagen). Cells may leave the marrow by enetering the parenchyma and move into the
venous sinus to enter the blood stream via the central vein.
,Megakaryocytes - ANSWER In bone marrow produces platelets
Hematopoietic microenviornment - ANSWER Protein carbohydrate matrix, adhesion
molecules, cytokines (colony stimulating factors, inteferons, interluekins, lymphokines
Extramedullary hematopoiesis - ANSWER hematopoiesis that occurs outside of the bone
marrow
Liver function in extramedullary hematopoiesis - ANSWER Liver is the major site of
hepatic phase/stage in which bone marrow is shut down/ inactive and the liver
sequesters and removes damaged red blood cells. Often happens as a result of
porphyrias, hemolytic anemias, RBC dysplasia
Spleen function in hematopoiesis - ANSWER Filters circulating blood
Lymph nodes in hematopoiesis - ANSWER Site of B cell proliferation (germinal centers)
and filtration of microrganisms
Thymus - ANSWER Site of T cell condtioning
Stem Cell theory - ANSWER Pluripotential stem cells give rise to all marrow cells.
Daughter cells either give rise to itself, or other daughter cell differentiates and
matures.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) - ANSWER Cells charichterized by CD34 markers, no
HLA-DR antigen, no antigens associated wih more differentiated cells. Not
morphologically identifiable.
Progenitor cell - ANSWER undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell with a committed
cell line, but not identifiable morphologically.
Myeloid progenitor markers - ANSWER CD33 CD38
Lymphoid progenitor markers - ANSWER CD10 CD38
T- Lymphoid and NK cell progenitor markers - ANSWER CD7
B-Lymphoid progenitor makers - ANSWER CD19
Precurser - ANSWER Differentiating and identifiable cells with a given cell line
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor G-CSF or Granuloctye-Monocyte Colony
Stimulating Factor - ANSWER Stimulates the differentiation of a common myeloid
progenitor cell into grnaulocyte/monocyte, esonophil/basophil,
megakaryocte/erythrocyte progenitor, or mast cell then differentiation into their final
form.
Erythropoietin (EPO) - ANSWER produced by the kidney peritubular cells and stimulates
the production of erythroblasts in the bone marrow. CFU-E to pro-normoblasts.
,Stem Cell Factor (SCF) - ANSWER Kit- ligand binds to c-kit on hematopoietic stem cells
to regulate stem cell differentiation
Interlukins - ANSWER Proteins with synergistic qualities and amplification potential
Erythropoesis - ANSWER Production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
Colony Forming Units - ANSWER ...
Luekopoiesis - ANSWER WBC production in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
Myelopoiesis - ANSWER production of myeloid cells (grnulocytes/monocytes)
Lymphopoeisis - ANSWER production of lymphocytes
Megakaryopoiesis - ANSWER production and development of megakaryocytes
(precursor of platelets) in the bone marrow
Thrombopoietien (TPO) - ANSWER produced by liver to induce the production of
thrombocytes/ megakaryopoiesis.
Pronormoblast - ANSWER rubilast
proerythrocyte - ANSWER Prorubicyte
polychromatic normoblast - ANSWER rubicyte
orthochromic erythrocyte - ANSWER metarubicyte
polychromatic ertythrocyte - ANSWER can be found in peripheral blood
eyrthroid progenitors - ANSWER BFU-E Burst forming unit eyrthroid (aprx 1 week)
CFU-E Colony forming unit erythroid (aprx 1 week)
erythroid precursors (respectively) - ANSWER pronormoblast, basophilic normoblast,
polychromatic normoblast, orthochromic normoblast
Last erythroid precursor able to devide - ANSWER polychromatic normoblast
Normoblast maturation cellular changes - ANSWER Cell diameter decreases,
Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio decreases, chromatin clumps/condenses, nucleoli dissappear,
cytoplasm changes from blue (basophilic) to pink
EPO secretion is caused by - ANSWER hypoxia (decrease oxygen carrying capacity of
blood
EPO causes - ANSWER Decresed apoptosis by decreasing FasL, the ligand for
, programmed cell death.
increased RBC RNA synthesis, and decreasing marrow transit time
More red blood cells get into circulation faster
RBC lifespan - ANSWER 120 days
Homeostasis mechanism for production of erythrocytes is achieved through - ANSWER
Apoptosis;FasL
Young precursors posses the Fas receptor, old precursors posses the FasL ligand
(Abundant older cells restrict the prolifration/production of younger cells)
Extravascular erythrocyte hemolysis - ANSWER Macrophages mediate when spleen is
depleted of glucose "Hostile" and lyses RBCs, when decreased ATP production causes
spherocytosis and RBCs become spherical and are trapped in spleen
Intravascucular erythrocyte hemolysis - ANSWER mechanical or traumatic event causes
turbulence of blood, breakage of blood vessel. Hapatoglobin/hemopexin are salavaged
and the Hb is release to be reused
Glycolysis Pathway - ANSWER No mitochondira
Three phases:
1.phosphorylation, isomerization/diphosphorylation, and aldolase cleaveage uses 2ATP
2. GP3 to 3PG generates 2ATP
3. 3-PG to pyruvate- generates 2ATP
NET GAIN OF 2 ATP PER GLUCOSE
Failed glycolysis causes - ANSWER oxidation of membrane lipids, failed ion pumps,
sphere shaped RBC which then sends a Senescent signal to marcophages
Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentosephosphate shunt) - ANSWER This pathway is
