AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
1. air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed
with chloroplast the thin tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll:
Name three advantages of mesophyll in the leaf
2. stroma in the fluid filled matrix: where does the LIR occur?
3. 100 stacked discs of thylakoids: what is the grana?
4. chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excite electrons, move along carriers etc
releasing energy, used to join ADP and pi to form ATP, photolysis of water
produces protons electrons oxygen, NADP reduced by electrons: describe
the light dependent reaction starting with Photolysis
5. electron is oxidised that reduces NADP, carries out series of redox
reactions along the electron transport chain that is then accepted by
oxygen that is the terminal electron receptor which oxidises NADPH back
to NADP: describe the electron transport chain
6. contain both DNA and RNA so proteins can be manufactured quickly,
thylakoid membrane has a large SA for rapid DF and a network of proteins
in the Grana to maximise the absorbance of light: name three advantages of
the structure of a chloraplast
7. CO2 combines 5 carbon ribulose-bi-phosphate to make 6 carbon molecule
that is then catalysed by rubisco to create two 3 phosphate glycerate
molecules that are then reduced via NADP and energy from ATP from LDR
to triose phosphate that will eventually turn into glucose, NADP reformed
and goes back to LDR: describe the process of the LIR
8. phosphorylated glucose is broken down in two 3 carbon molecules called
pyruvate (happens in the matrix mitochondria: what is glycolysis and where
does it happen?
9. pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to acetate NAD is reduced:
what happens in the link reaction after Glycolysis?
10. acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is
decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is
then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form 4 carbon ATP made by
substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate is then
regenerated to restart the cycle: what happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link
reaction?
11. H+ from oxidized reduced NAD and FAD, splits into p and e travels down
electron transport chain via oxidation-reduction reactions losing energy
each carrier used pump p from matrix into intermembrane space creating
high concentration forming electrochemical gradient move down into
matrix by ATP synthase drives synthesis ATP chemiosmosis, Matriz end
, AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
transport chain p,e, and o combine form water. o final electron acceptor.:
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
12. hydrolysed to glycerol that is phosphorylated into into triose phosphate
that becomes glucose and thus glycolysis can occur: how does the
respiration of lipids occur?
13. where no oxygen is available to accept the H+ ion and so reduced NAD
builds up and cannot take anymore H+ from Glyolysis thus pyruvate is now
reduced and produces lactate and oxdidised NAD and produces ethanol in
plants: what is anaerobic respiration?
14. the dry weight of the total mass of living material in a specific area at a
given time: what is biomass?
15. gross primary production - respiratory losses = the chemical energy left:
what is the calculation for net primary production? and what is it? 16. total
chemical plant biomass: what is gross primary production?
17. net production = chemical energy of ingested plants - (energy lost in
faeces + energy lost in respiration): what is the calculation for net production?
18. nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to
ammonium ions via ammonification, also nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed
by mutualistic bacteria to ammonium containing compounds, then fed on by
saprobionts that causes ammonification, ammonium ions that undergo
nitrification by nitrifying bacteria twice into nitrite and nitrate ions that are
then absorbed by producers or lost to the atmosphere: describe the nitrogen
cycle
19. phosphates from rocks are eroded into oceans and running water that is
absorbed by plants and excreted into the soil via death that then taken up by
water to form new rocks: describe the phosphorus cycle
20. algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits
light to lower level plants that can no longer photosynthesise and die that are
fed on by saprobiants that multiply and take up oxygen in the water so that
O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die as a result that are
also fed on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water: what is
eutrophication?
21. natural = dead decomposing plants and artificial = mined from rocks t
provides nutrients to plant: what is an example of a natural and artificial fertiliser?
22. the change of speed of direction in response to a stimulus: what is kinesis?
23. response to a stimulus where the direction is determined by the stimulus
itself that is moving the entire organism away or towards: what is taxis?
1. air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed
with chloroplast the thin tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll:
Name three advantages of mesophyll in the leaf
2. stroma in the fluid filled matrix: where does the LIR occur?
3. 100 stacked discs of thylakoids: what is the grana?
4. chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excite electrons, move along carriers etc
releasing energy, used to join ADP and pi to form ATP, photolysis of water
produces protons electrons oxygen, NADP reduced by electrons: describe
the light dependent reaction starting with Photolysis
5. electron is oxidised that reduces NADP, carries out series of redox
reactions along the electron transport chain that is then accepted by
oxygen that is the terminal electron receptor which oxidises NADPH back
to NADP: describe the electron transport chain
6. contain both DNA and RNA so proteins can be manufactured quickly,
thylakoid membrane has a large SA for rapid DF and a network of proteins
in the Grana to maximise the absorbance of light: name three advantages of
the structure of a chloraplast
7. CO2 combines 5 carbon ribulose-bi-phosphate to make 6 carbon molecule
that is then catalysed by rubisco to create two 3 phosphate glycerate
molecules that are then reduced via NADP and energy from ATP from LDR
to triose phosphate that will eventually turn into glucose, NADP reformed
and goes back to LDR: describe the process of the LIR
8. phosphorylated glucose is broken down in two 3 carbon molecules called
pyruvate (happens in the matrix mitochondria: what is glycolysis and where
does it happen?
9. pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to acetate NAD is reduced:
what happens in the link reaction after Glycolysis?
10. acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is
decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is
then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form 4 carbon ATP made by
substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate is then
regenerated to restart the cycle: what happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link
reaction?
11. H+ from oxidized reduced NAD and FAD, splits into p and e travels down
electron transport chain via oxidation-reduction reactions losing energy
each carrier used pump p from matrix into intermembrane space creating
high concentration forming electrochemical gradient move down into
matrix by ATP synthase drives synthesis ATP chemiosmosis, Matriz end
, AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
transport chain p,e, and o combine form water. o final electron acceptor.:
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
12. hydrolysed to glycerol that is phosphorylated into into triose phosphate
that becomes glucose and thus glycolysis can occur: how does the
respiration of lipids occur?
13. where no oxygen is available to accept the H+ ion and so reduced NAD
builds up and cannot take anymore H+ from Glyolysis thus pyruvate is now
reduced and produces lactate and oxdidised NAD and produces ethanol in
plants: what is anaerobic respiration?
14. the dry weight of the total mass of living material in a specific area at a
given time: what is biomass?
15. gross primary production - respiratory losses = the chemical energy left:
what is the calculation for net primary production? and what is it? 16. total
chemical plant biomass: what is gross primary production?
17. net production = chemical energy of ingested plants - (energy lost in
faeces + energy lost in respiration): what is the calculation for net production?
18. nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to
ammonium ions via ammonification, also nitrogen from atmosphere is fixed
by mutualistic bacteria to ammonium containing compounds, then fed on by
saprobionts that causes ammonification, ammonium ions that undergo
nitrification by nitrifying bacteria twice into nitrite and nitrate ions that are
then absorbed by producers or lost to the atmosphere: describe the nitrogen
cycle
19. phosphates from rocks are eroded into oceans and running water that is
absorbed by plants and excreted into the soil via death that then taken up by
water to form new rocks: describe the phosphorus cycle
20. algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits
light to lower level plants that can no longer photosynthesise and die that are
fed on by saprobiants that multiply and take up oxygen in the water so that
O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die as a result that are
also fed on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water: what is
eutrophication?
21. natural = dead decomposing plants and artificial = mined from rocks t
provides nutrients to plant: what is an example of a natural and artificial fertiliser?
22. the change of speed of direction in response to a stimulus: what is kinesis?
23. response to a stimulus where the direction is determined by the stimulus
itself that is moving the entire organism away or towards: what is taxis?
