NUR 239 Exam 4 Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
cardiac output - Answers HR x SV
blood pressure equation - Answers CO x SVR
S1 heart sounds; closure valves - Answers mitral and tricuspid
S2 heart sounds; closure valves - Answers aortic and pulmonic
cardiac output - Answers amount of blood pumped each minute (~5 L)
stroke volume - Answers the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
peripheral vascular resistance - Answers the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased
when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax.
preload - Answers volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
afterload - Answers pressure ventricles must exert to eject blood into the aorta
orthopnea - Answers difficulty breathing when lying down
cardiac fatigue - Answers fatigue that appears suddenly and gets worse with activity; a sign of heart
failure
orthostatic hypotension - Answers low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; people above 65
are at risk.
hypertension; pathophysiology - Answers increased workload on the heart (hypertrophy), narrowing
and stiffening of blood vessels.
hypertension; SxS - Answers frequently asymptomatic in early stages
initial signs vague and non-specific
fatigue
malaise
sometimes morning occipital headache
hypertension; risk factors - Answers smoking
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
genetics
, age
poor diet
Dyslipidemia; pathophysiology - Answers abnormal lipid levels in the blood; forms plaque in the arteries
dyslipidemia; SxS - Answers chest pain/tightness
dizziness
heart palpitations
exhaustion
swelling of ankles/feet
trouble breathing
dyslipidemia; risk factors - Answers smoking
weight
HTN
DM
sat fats.
Right heart failure; pathophysiology - Answers right side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively;
fluid buildup in lower extremities; usually comes after LSHF
RSHF; SxS - Answers pitting edema
distended neck veins
hepatic congestion
decrease appetite
nausea
ascites
cyanosis
Left side Heart Failure; pathophysiology - Answers left side of heart does not effectively pump
oxygenated blood to the body; blood builds up to the lungs
RSHF; risk factors - Answers high BP
cardiac output - Answers HR x SV
blood pressure equation - Answers CO x SVR
S1 heart sounds; closure valves - Answers mitral and tricuspid
S2 heart sounds; closure valves - Answers aortic and pulmonic
cardiac output - Answers amount of blood pumped each minute (~5 L)
stroke volume - Answers the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
peripheral vascular resistance - Answers the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased
when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax.
preload - Answers volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
afterload - Answers pressure ventricles must exert to eject blood into the aorta
orthopnea - Answers difficulty breathing when lying down
cardiac fatigue - Answers fatigue that appears suddenly and gets worse with activity; a sign of heart
failure
orthostatic hypotension - Answers low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; people above 65
are at risk.
hypertension; pathophysiology - Answers increased workload on the heart (hypertrophy), narrowing
and stiffening of blood vessels.
hypertension; SxS - Answers frequently asymptomatic in early stages
initial signs vague and non-specific
fatigue
malaise
sometimes morning occipital headache
hypertension; risk factors - Answers smoking
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
genetics
, age
poor diet
Dyslipidemia; pathophysiology - Answers abnormal lipid levels in the blood; forms plaque in the arteries
dyslipidemia; SxS - Answers chest pain/tightness
dizziness
heart palpitations
exhaustion
swelling of ankles/feet
trouble breathing
dyslipidemia; risk factors - Answers smoking
weight
HTN
DM
sat fats.
Right heart failure; pathophysiology - Answers right side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively;
fluid buildup in lower extremities; usually comes after LSHF
RSHF; SxS - Answers pitting edema
distended neck veins
hepatic congestion
decrease appetite
nausea
ascites
cyanosis
Left side Heart Failure; pathophysiology - Answers left side of heart does not effectively pump
oxygenated blood to the body; blood builds up to the lungs
RSHF; risk factors - Answers high BP
